Table 1.
Frontal and basal ganglia areas, their connectivity, and effect on drift-diffusion model (DDM) parameters.
| Area | Projections from | Projections to | Parameter controlled | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FEF | LIP, MT, PFC | SC, PFC, STN | RT | Purcell et al., 2012; Peel et al., 2017; Hauser et al., 2018 |
| EA | Kim and Shadlen, 1999; Murd et al., 2020 | |||
| Decision commitment | Ding and Gold, 2012 | |||
| LIP | SC | SC, FEF | Stimulus identity | Shushruth et al., 2018 |
| EA | Shadlen and Newsome, 2001; Meister et al., 2013; Zhou and Freedman, 2019; Zoltowski et al., 2019 | |||
| Confidence | Kiani and Shadlen, 2009 | |||
| RT | Zhou and Freedman, 2019 | |||
| SC | LIP | LIP | EA | Ratcliff et al., 2003, 2007b; Peel et al., 2017; Reppert et al., 2018 |
| Confidence | Ratcliff et al., 2003; Odegaard et al., 2018 | |||
| PFC | Thal, MT, FEF | Thal, STN, MT, FEF | EA | Henri-Bhargava et al., 2012; Vaidya and Fellows, 2015 |
| Confidence | Bang and Fleming, 2018; Shapiro and Grafton, 2020 | |||
| Stimulus valuation | Bechara et al., 1999; Fellows, 2006; Lim et al., 2011; Vaidya and Fellows, 2015; Bault et al., 2019; van Holstein and Floresco, 2020 | |||
| Cost of effort assignment | Vaidya and Fellows, 2015; Harris and Lim, 2016 | |||
| Drift rate | Wittkuhn et al., 2018 | |||
| Decision threshold | Georgiev et al., 2016; Wittkuhn et al., 2018 | |||
| Pre-SMA | Sensory inputs | STR, STN, Thal | Decision threshold | Forstmann et al., 2008, 2010; Tosun et al., 2017; Berkay et al., 2018 |
| Thal | PFC, pre-SMA, GPi | PFC, pre-SMA | Drift rate | Turner et al., 2015 |
| STN | PFC, FEF, primary motor cortex, pre-SMA, GPe | GPi, GPe, PFC | Decision threshold (early termination) | Frank, 2006; Frank et al., 2007; Cavanagh et al., 2011; Tosun et al., 2017 |
| GP | STR, STN | STN, Thal | Decision threshold | Kohl et al., 2015 |
| Drift rate | Kohl et al., 2015 | |||
| STR | Sensory inputs, pre-SMA, SNc (dopamine inputs) | GPi, GPe | Value assignment | Lim et al., 2011; Westbrook et al., 2019 |
| Bias | Mulder et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019 | |||
| EA | Yartsev et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019 | |||
| RT | Nakamura and Hikosaka, 2006a | |||
| SNc | STR | RT | Frank and O'Reilly, 2006 | |
| Decision threshold | See PD | |||
| Drift rate | ||||
| Early terminations of decisions |
FEF, frontal eye fields; LIP, lateral intraparietal area; SC, superior colliculus; PFC, prefrontal cortex; SMA, supplementary motor area; STN, Subthalamic nucleus; GP, globus pallidus, GPi, globus pallidus interna; GPe, globus pallidus externa; STR, Striatum; Thal, Thalamus; SNc, substantia nigra pars compacta; MT, Middle temporal area; RT, reaction time; EA, evidence accumulation.