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. 2022 Jan 20;13:418. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27932-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Illustration of BIVA effect: active targeting and assembly/aggregate induced retention (AIR) effect. b Chemical structure of FITC labeling. c 2D and 3D confocal images of M2 with active targeting property and M1 with BIVA effect on MIA PaCa-2 cells after incubation for 1 h. d The distribution of M1 on MIA PaCa-2 cell. e ThT staining of the lysed cell membrane of MIA PaCa-2. f, Illustration of migration inhibition after treated by BIVA probe. g The image of the migrated cells after treatment of PBS (blank), M2, M4, and M1. Scale bar: 100 μm. h The pie diagram of quantitative statistical calculation of the migrated cells (blue) in different groups. The blank control was set as 100% migrated cells.