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. 2022 Jan 20;12:1073. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05041-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The test-trace-isolate (TTI) control strategy during the Phase I—new normality in Spain (red) and Italy (blue). (A) Amount of time to get the results of a COVID-19 test in Spain and Italy; (B) amount of time to get the results of a COVID-19 test in two exemplar regions for Spain and in two exemplar regions for Italy; (C) percentage of close contacts that were contact-traced by the health authority in Spain and Italy. The majority of respondents who had a close contact with a positive case report were not contacted by the health authority. (D) Percentage of close contacts traced for different categories of contacts in Spain and Italy. Spain focused the tracing activity within the household, where 60% of the people reported having been contact traced. (E) Protection measures adopted by people in Spain and Italy, divided by whether they installed the contact tracing app. Respondents who installed the contact tracing apps are more likely to report complying with the washing Hands, Face masks, making Space (HFS) recommendations, limit their close contacts and using less public transportations. (F) Percentage of people, in Spain and Italy, who report being unable to isolate effectively if needed. In plots (C–F) we report the 95% confidence intervals.