. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2022 Mar-Apr;38(2):160–165. doi: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000002013

Table 3.

Proportion of Women First and Senior Authors by Continent in Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Literature by Year

Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (OPRS) and Orbit Combined Proportion of Women First Authors (%)
Institutional Affiliation	1985	1995	2005	2015	2020	p-value
North America	2/53 (3.8%)	8/51 (15.7%)	15/87 (17.2%)	48/150 (32%)	71/172 (41.3%)	<0.001
Europe	0/28 (0%)	4/25 (16%)	15/58 (25.9%)	12/36 (33.3%)	22/49 (44.9%)	<0.001
Asia	0/2 (0%)	2/5 (40%)	9/44 (20.5%)	22/79 (27.8%)	43/82 (52.4%)	<0.001
South America	0/1 (0%)	0/2 (0%)	3/5 (60%)	0/2 (0%)	6/10 (60%)	0.16
Australia	0/0 (0%)	1/2 (50%)	4/11 (36.4%)	4/16 (25%)	5/18 (27.8%)	0.49
Africa	0/0 (0%)	0/1 (0%)	0/3 (0%)	0/3 (0%)	¼ (25%)	0.25
OPRS and Orbit Combined Proportion of Women Senior Authors (%)
Institutional Affiliation	1985	1995	2005	2015	2020	p-value
North America	1/31 (3.2%)	1/37 (2.7%)	5/77 (6.5%)	25/148 (16.9%)	48/172 (27.9%)	<0.001
Europe	1/17 (5.9%)	3/18 (16.7%)	11/53 (20.8%)	10/34 (29.4%)	17/51 (33.3%)	0.001
Asia	0/3 (0%)	0/3 (0%)	11/36 (30.6%)	22/70 (31.4%)	21/64 (32.8%)	0.27
South America	0/1 (0%)	1/3 (33.3%)	0/7 (0%)	1/1 (100%)	6/10 (60%)	0.03
Australia	0/0 (0%)	0/2 (0%)	1/13 (7.7%)	3/18 (16.7%)	1/15 (6.7%)	0.91
Africa	0/0 (0%)	0/1 (0%)	0/0 (0%)	1/2 (50%)	1/3 (33.3%)	0.59