Figure 4.

Graphic models of PAK signaling pathways in synaptic plasticity. The upstream activators of PAKs include Cdc42, Rac1, Dock, p75NTR, DAF-16 and PIX/GIT1 and the downstream factors contain GPM6A, GluA1 and LIMK (Henderson and Johnson, 2001; Kennedy et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013; Murata and Constantine-Paton, 2013; Gu et al., 2014; Hussain et al., 2015; Kamiyama et al., 2015; Ramos et al., 2015; Byrne et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2017; Santini et al., 2017; Leung et al., 2018; Feng et al., 2019). The main effect of PAKs is to regulate the formation of the cytoskeleton by activation of the LIMK-Cofilin pathway. The disruption of PAKs-related pathways is closely associated with diverse neurological disorders