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. 2021 Nov 20;13(1):26–46. doi: 10.1007/s13238-021-00888-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PINK1 deficiency in fetal and young monkeys causes neurodegeneration without affecting mitochondrial proteins and morphology. (A) Western blot analysis of the brain cortical tissues from a PINK1 mutant fetal monkey (M7) and two fetal wild type (WT7 and WT8) monkeys. M7 monkey brain showed reduction in the expression of a number of neuronal (NeuN, PSD95, SNAP25, synaptophysin) proteins (Neu). (B) Western blot analysis of the fetal brain cortical tissues from M7 and WT7, WT8, newborn PINK1 mutant (M1–M4) and wild type (WT1–WT4) monkeys. The results showed no any significant changes in the levels of mitochondrial proteins (Mito) including complex proteins (CI, CII, CIII, and CV) in mutant monkey cortex tissues when compared with age-matched control monkey tissues. The same protein samples were probed with various antibodies as indicated. (C) Western blot analysis of the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions of brain cortical tissues from 3-year-old PINK1 mutant (M6) and wild type (WT6) monkeys. No obvious alterations in the mitochondrial proteins (Mito) are seen in M6 monkey as compared with WT6. (D) Quantification of the relative levels of mitochondria related proteins (TOM20, VDAC1, CV, CI, CII, CIII) on the Western blots in (B). Ratios (mean ± SEM) of mitochondria related proteins to the loading control are presented. (E) The expression of mitochondrial proteins (OPA1, NduA10, and Mfn1) for fission/fusion is not affected by PINK1 mutations in the monkey brain. (F) The expression of mitochondrial proteins for fission and fusion in primary cultures from a fetal monkey brain is not affected by PINK1 mutations. (G) EM examination of the monkey brains of M6 and WT6. Low magnification micrographs (upper panel) and high magnification micrographs (lower panel) are presented. Scale bars: 2 μm. (H) The percentage of different types of mitochondria (Type I: normal appearing cristae; Type II: swollen, irregular or whirling cristae; Type III: discontinuous outer membrane or deficient cristae; Type IV: both discontinuous outer membrane and swollen cristae). Each group consists of 354–583 mitochondria examined