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. 2022 Jan 7;12:758862. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758862

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Copyright © 2022 Ko, Patnaik, Park, Kim, Baliarsingh, Jang, Lee, Han and Jo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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AMP expression levels in TmIKKε-knockdown T. molitor larval gut upon microorganism challenge. E. coli (Ec), S. aureus (Sa), or C. albicans (Ca) were injected into TmIKKε-silenced T. molitor larvae. The transcriptional expression levels of TmTene1 (A), TmTene2 (B), TmTene3 (C), TmTene4 (D), TmDef (E), TmDef-like (F), TmColeA (G), TmColeB (H), TmCec2 (I), TmAtta1a (J), TmAtta1b (K), TmAtta2 (L), TmTLP1 (M), and TmTLP2 (N) were measured using qRT-PCR. EGFP dsRNA was used as a silencing control, and TmL27a was used as an internal control. Data represent the mean ± SE of three independent biological replicates. Asterisks indicate significant differences between dsTmSpz5- and dsEGFP-treated groups when compared using Student’s t-test (p < 0.05).