Table 1.
The characteristics of local and systematic immune responses induced by IRE in preclinical and clinical study of different tumor.
| Species and tumor model | Detecting time | Detecting method | Effect of IRE on the immune status on tumor-bearing organism | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local Systematic | ||||||
| Tumor tissue | Spleen | Lymph nodes | peripheral blood | |||
| Murine subcutaneous liver cancer | IRE-7d | IHC, FCM | CD8+T, DC↑, Treg, PD-1+T↓ |
CD8+IFN-γ+T↑,Treg,PD-1+ T↓(86) | NA | NA |
| Murine orthotopic HCC | IRE-3d, 7d, 14d | FCM, CBA | CD8+T↑, Treg↓ | NA | NA | IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α and IL1β↑, IL-10↓ (87) |
| Human HCC | IRE-1d, 3d, 7d | FCM | NA | NA | NA | Activated T cells, neutrophils, monocytes and NK ↑, Treg lymphocytes, CD4+T↓ (87) |
| Murine orthotopic HCC | IRE-2h, 2d, 7d, 14d, 90d | IHC, ELISA | Macrophages↑ | NA | NA | IL-3, IL-13, IL-15, IL17A, IL-22, IL-28, IL-31 and IFN-γ↑ (88) |
| Murine orthotopic HCC | IRE-2h | IHC | CD8+T↑ | NA | NA | CD8+T↑ (89) |
| Canin orthotopic HCC | IRE-4d | IHC | CD3+T↑ (90) | NA | NA | NA |
| Murine orthotopic PC | IRE-7d | IHC, FCM | CD45+T,CD8+T, IFN-γ,CCL1,IL-2↑; MDSCs,IL-4, IL-6↓(91) |
NA | NA | NA |
| Human PC | Pre-IRE, IRE-2w, IRE-3m | NA | NA | NA | NA | Activated PD-1+T↑, Treg↓(92) |
| Human PC | Pre-IRE, IRE-1d, 3d, 5d | NA | NA | NA | NA | Treg↓ (93) |
| Human PC | Pre-IRE, IRE1d | FC | NA | NA | NA | CD4+CD25+T, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+T↓ ((56) |
| Rabbit cervical tumors | IRE-1d,1w,2w,3w | ELISA | NA | NA | NA | IL-1↑, IL-6↓ (94) |
| Murine orthotopic PC | IRE-0h,6h,12h and 24h | IHC | Macrophages, CD3+T↑ (85) | NA | NA | NA |
| Murine subcutaneous and orthotopic PC | IRE-7d | FC | CD8+T, memory CD4+T↑ | CD8+T↑ | Memory&effector CD8+T, Memory CD4+T↑ (95) | NA |
| Rat subcutaneous osteosarcoma | IRE-1d, 3d, 7d,14d, 21d | FCM, ELISA | NA | IFN-γ+T↑ | NA | CD3+T, CD4+T and CD4+/CD8+T↑, IL-2R↓ (96) |
*CBA: Cytometric bead array; ELISA: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; FCM: flow cytometry; IRE: irreversible electroporation; IHC: immunohistochemistry; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; NA: not available; PC: pancreatic cancer; ↑: the cells or cytokines increased after IRE
↓: the cells or cytokines decreased after IRE.