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. 2022 Jan 7;8:705662. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2021.705662

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Copyright © 2022 Othman, Lai, Abril, Barajas-Gamboa, Corcelles, Kroh and Qasaimeh.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Minimally Invasive Surgery Systems. (A,B) Da Vinci surgical robotic system for MIS: (A) patient cart holding the camera and instruments that the surgeon controls remotely and (B) surgeon console that controls the instrumented arms and provides a high-definition 3D view of the operation site. (C) Laparoscopic box trainer with an endoscope and surgical instruments used for MIS simulations. (D) Surgical instruments used in laparoscopic surgery and training. (E) Laparoscopic operation with port accesses in the abdominal cavity and the docking of the robot arm with the ports.