Table 1.

Systems biology approaches in the field of vaccinology and immunology applied to P. falciparum and T. gondii.

Field	Species	Host or target population	Disease	Finding	Methods	Reference
Immunology	P. falciparum 1	Human	Malaria	Immune signatures: upregulation of genes of the innate response; downregulation of genes involved in phagocytosis and inflammation. Differences in apoptosis genes between symptomatics/ presymtomatics, or uncomplicated malaria	Microarray, computational approaches	(57, 58)
				Immune markers that correlates with severity. Genetic variation associated with severe malaria symptoms and drug-resistance	RNA-seq, computational approaches	(59)
	Plasmodium ashfordi	Birds, Mice	Malaria	Genes differentially expressed and different T- cell activation with parasitemia stages	RNA-seq, gene set enrichment analysis	(60)
	T. gondii	Pigs	Toxoplasmosis	Parasite actively regulates host genes related to the immune responses between acute and chronic infection	Transcriptomics, gene set enrichment analysis	(61)
Vaccinology	P. falciparum 1	RTS,S vaccinated volunteers	Human malaria	Up-regulation of genes associated adaptive response. Possible innate genes markers of protection	Transcriptomics, gene enrichment analysis, predictive modeling	(62, 63)
		CSP2 vaccinated volunteers	Human malaria	Molecular signatures of protective immunity. Differential expression of genes of immune response, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial processes in protected and non–protected individuals	Gene array, predictive modeling. RNA-seq, module correlation network analysis, immunological methods	(64, 65)

¹Most recent studies, for further information refer to Tran & Crompton 2019 (66).

²CSP: immunization with live sporozoites.