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. 2021 Oct 25;12:1–15. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.10.030

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© 2021 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 4 — Angiogenesis in vitro. (A) The proliferation of EaHy926 tested by CCK-8 (n = 6). It showed that BSNs promoted the proliferation of EaHy926, especially for BSNs doped with copper and manganese. (B) VEGF secrete assessed by Elisa kit (n = 3). It indicated that BSNs upregulated the expression of angiogenesis-related factor such as VEGF. (C) Transwell and tube formation assay of EaHy926; scale bars: 100 μm (scale bars in insets: 40 μm). (D) Quantified results of transwell assay. (E) Quantified results of tube formation assay. The results of transwell and tube formation assays showed that BSNs containing copper promoted the migration and tube formation of EaHy926, indicating their high potential for angiogenesis enhancement. (*P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.)