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. 2022 Jan 7;12:768800. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.768800

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Copyright © 2022 Zhai, Roy, Peng, Mullendore, Kaur, Mandal, Mukherjee and Pappu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Subcellular localizations of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-tagged V2 of CYVMV (CYVMV, V2-GFP) in N. benthamiana leaves under stand-alone (A,B) and CYVMV-inoculated (C,D) conditions. Panels (A,C) were taken under lower zoom, while panels (B,D) were taken with higher zoom. Images showing GFP fluorescence (A1,B1,C1,D1), Hoechst fluorescence (A2,B2) and aniline blue bound to the plasmodesmata (C2,D2). Merged images of both GFP and Hoechst fluorescence were shown as panels (A3,B3). Merged GFP, aniline blue, and the bright field are shown in panels (C3,D3). V2-GFP alone was found to aggregate as large clumps in various locations within the cytoplasm. Co-infiltration of V2-GFP and CYVMV turned some large V2-GFP clumps into smaller particles, which were loosely associated with the cell wall and moved to reach plasmodesmata. Arrowheads indicate the locations of V2-GFP and major sub-cellular organelle (Nu, nucleus; Pls, plasmodesmata; Cyt Mem, cytoplasmic membrane).