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. 2022 Jan 7;12:768800. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.768800

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Copyright © 2022 Zhai, Roy, Peng, Mullendore, Kaur, Mandal, Mukherjee and Pappu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Subcellular localizations of CYVMV, C4-GFP in N. benthamiana leaves under stand-alone (A,B) and CYVMV-inoculated (C,D) conditions. Panels (A,C) were taken under lower zoom, while panels (B,D) were taken with higher zoom. Images showing GFP fluorescence (A1,B1,C1,D1) and Hoechst fluorescence (A2,B2,C2,D2). Merged images of both GFP and Hoechst fluorescence were shown as panels (A3,B3,C3,D3). The C4-GFP localization appeared to be consistently in the plasma membrane with or without CYVMV inoculation. CYVMV can induce the aggregation of C4-GFP into small particles within the membrane. Arrowheads indicate the locations of C4-GFP and major sub-cellular organelle (Nu: nucleus; Cyt Mem, cytoplasmic membrane).