Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study children.
| Variables | Study Group n = 138 (%) |
Comparison Group n = 30 (%) |
OR (Unadjusted 95% CI) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (Female) | 50 (36.2) | 6 (20) | 2.27 (0.87–5.93) | 0.134 | |
| Age in months (median, IQR) | 8.0 (5.0, 10.0) | 9.5 (8.0, 12.5) | 0.001 | ||
| Father’s age in years (mean ± SD) | 30.78 (±6.9) | 30.1 (±5.5) | 0.63 | ||
| Mother’s age in years mean ± SD) | 24 (±5.6) | 23.9 (±4.0) | 0.85 | ||
| Monthly income in USD (median, IQR) | 179 (119, 239) | 209 (179, 299) | 0.038 | ||
| Father’s education | No or under five grades | 63 (45.7) | 6 (20) | 0.034 | |
| Six to ten grades | 39 (28.3) | 12 (40) | |||
| More than ten grades | 36 (26.1) | 12 (40) | |||
| Mother’s education | No or under five grades | 55 (39.9) | 11 (36.7) | 0.537 | |
| Six to ten grades | 46 (33.3) | 8 (26.7) | |||
| More than ten grades | 37 (26.8) | 11 (36.7) | |||
| Day labor father | 63 (45.7) | 10 (33.3) | 1.68 (0.73–3.85) | 0.302 | |
| Housewife mother | 127 (92) | 28 (93.3) | 0.82 (0.17–3.93) | 1.000 | |
| Not exclusively breast feed | 108 (78.3) | 17 (56.7) | 2.75 (1.20–6.30) | 0.026 | |
| Lives in slum | 11 (8.0) | 5 (16.7) | 0.43 (0.14–1.35) | 0.259 | |
| H/o previous hospitalization | 67 (48.6) | 3 (10) | 8.49 (2.46–29.30) | <0.001 | |
| Diarrhea | 71 (51.4) | 30 (100) | <0.001 | ||
| Vomiting | 20 (14.5) | 9 (30) | 0.39 (0.16–0.99) | 0.076 | |
| Cough | 122 (88.4) | 0 | <0.001 | ||
| Fever | 98 (71.0) | 6 (20) | 9.8 (3.73–25.78) | <0.001 | |
| Poor oral intake | 50 (36.2) | 0 | <0.001 | ||
| Respiratory distress | 78 (56.5) | 0 | <0.001 | ||
| SAM | 72 (52.2) | 0 | <0.001 | ||
| MUAC in cm (mean ± SD) | 11.34 (±1.76) | 14.66 (±0.78) | <0.001 | ||
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min (mean ± SD) | 50 (±12) | 33 (±5) | <0.001 | ||
| Heart rate, beats/min (mean ± SD) | 140 (±19) | 124 (±10) | <0.001 | ||
| Galactomannan (GM) positive | 62 (44.9) | 8 (26.7) | 2.24 (0.93–5.39) | 0.102 | |
| Sample OD for GM (median, IQR) | 0.46 (0.35, 1.56) | 0.37 (0.23, 0.62) | 0.002 | ||
| B-D-Glucan positive | 75 (54.3) | Not done | |||
| LDH (median, IQR) | 487 (364, 675) | 299 (254, 351) | <0.001 | ||
| LDH positive | 125 (90.6) | 15 (50) | 9.62 (3.85–24.02) | <0.001 | |
| PCR positive on Blood | 50 (36.2) | 2 (6.7) | 7.95 (1.82–34.80) | <0.001 | |
| Candida spp. | 16 (11.6) | 0 | 0.079 | ||
| Aspergillus spp. | 34 (24.6) | 2 (6.7) | 4.58 (1.04–20.23) | 0.028 | |
| Histoplasma spp. | 7 (5.1) | 0 | 0.354 | ||
| PCR positive on urine (Histoplasma only) | 8 (5.8) | 0 | 0.353 | ||
| Duration of hospitalization in days (median, IQR) | 16.0 (11.0, 24.00) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | <0.001 | ||
Abbreviation: SAM = Severe acute malnutrition, MUAC = Mid upper arm circumference, LDH = Lactate dehydrogenase, OD = Optical density.