Table 1.
Summary of neuroprotective and anti-neurodegenerative properties of natural polysaccharides described in scientific literature.
| Polysaccharide | Class (Origin) | Effect (Activity) | Model or Technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfated polysaccharides (Cr-SPs) | Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) | Preventive (Anti-PD activity; α-Synuclein fibrillation inhibition) | Fluorescence kinetics and 90° light scattering studies | [20] |
| Sulphated polysaccharides (Cr-SPs) | Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) | Preventive (Anti-PD activity) | Fibrillation/aggregation of α-Syn mutants by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques | [21] |
| Sulphated agaran | Algae (Gracilaria cornea) | Preventive (Anti-PD activity) | Rat model of PD induced by 6-hydroxydopamine | [19] |
| Polysaccharide (APS) | Plant (Astragalus) | Preventive (Anti-PD activity; activates autophagy) | PC12 cells induced by 6-HODA | [22] |
| Polysaccharide (IOPS) | Fungi (Inonotus obliquus) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells | [23] |
| Purified polysaccharide (CYP) | Plant (Corydalis yanhusuo) | Preventive (Neuroprotective effects on Aβ (25–35)-induced neurotoxicity) | PC12 induced by 6-OHDA | [28] |
| Sulfated fucans | Algae (Five brown algae) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | Vero cells infected with HSV1 | [29] |
| Polysaccharides (POP) | Fungi (Pleurotus oystreatus) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | Male Wistar rats | [30] |
| Polysaccharides (PTM) | Plant (Taxus chinensis var. mairei Cheng et L.K.Fu (Taxaceae)) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity and anti-neurotoxicity) | C57BL/6 mice | [31] |
| Polysaccharides (CPPs) | Plant (Codonopsis pilosula) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | APP/PS1 mice | [32] |
| Polysaccharides (LBP1) | Plant (Lycium barbarum) | Preventive/Therapeutic (Anti-AD activity) | APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice | [33] |
| Polysaccharide-enriched aqueous extract (HE) | Fungal (Hericium erinaceus) | Preventive (Anti-AD activity) | PC12 cells | [34] |
| Dermatan sulfate | Animal (Ascidian Phallusia nigra) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity and neuroprotection) | Neuro-2A cell lineage | [35] |
| Polysaccharide (CPA-1 and CPB-2) | Fungal (Cordyceps cicadae) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | PC12 cells | [36] |
| Sulfated polysaccharides (CFCE-PS) | Algae (Seaweed Codium fragile) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | Zebrafish embryos | [37] |
| Fucoidan | Algae (Dictyota ciliolate) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | HepG2 cells | [38] |
| Fucoidan | Algae (Ecklonia cava) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | AAPH-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish | [39] |
| Fucoidan | Algae (Marine brown algae) | Preventive (Antioxidant activity) | human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) | [40] |
| Fucoidan | Algae (Undaria pinnatifida) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | D-Gal-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and cognitive dysfunction in Mice | [41] |
| Fucoidan | Algae (Turbinaria decurren) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice | [42] |
| Fucoidan | Algae (Marine brown algae) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury Sprague-Dawley rats | [43] |
| Fucoidan | Algae (Sargassum crassifolium) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | H2O2-treated PC-12 cells | [44] |
| Fructan | Plant (Anemarrhena asphodeloides) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective and immunoregulatory effects) | SH-SY5Y cell injury model | [45] |
| Polysaccharide (APS) | Plant (Astragalus) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Mouse PD model | [46] |
| Polysaccharide (ALP) | Plant (Annona muricata) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | H2O2-treated mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22) | [47] |
| Heteropolysaccharide SV2-1 | Animal (Squid) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | PC12 induced by 6-OHDA | [48] |
| Ulvan | Algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | MPTP-treated C57BL/6J mice | [49] |
| Polysaccharides (PSP) | Algae (Spirulina platensis) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | MPTP-treated C57BL/6J mice | [50] |
| Polysaccharides (LBA) | Plant (Lycium barbarum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Rat cortical neurons | [51] |
| Heteropolysaccharide (LFP-1) | Plant (Lycii fructus) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Highly differentiated PC12 cells | [52] |
| Polysaccharides (SCP) | Fungal (Sparassis crispa) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Immortalized mouse hippocampal cell line HT22 | [53] |
| Polysaccharides (GLPS) | Fungal (Ganoderma lucidum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Adult male Wistar Albino rats with a mean age of 8 months | [54] |
| Polysaccharides (GPP1) | Plant (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | PC12 cells | [55] |
| Polysaccharides (MAPs) | Plant (Opuntia Milpa Alta) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | Cultured cortical neurons | [56] |
| Crude polysaccharide fraction (DEVP) | Fungal (Dictyophora echinovolvata) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity againts hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity | PC12 cells | [57] |
| Polysaccharides (PEPF) | Plant (Perilla frutescens) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | HT22 cells, mouse hippocampal neuronal cell lines | [58] |
| Selenium polysaccharides | Plant (Radix hedysari) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuroprotective activity) | SH-SY5Y cells | [59] |
| Heteropolysaccharide (PTP70-2) | Plant (Polygala tenuifolia) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | BV2 microglial cells | [60] |
| Sulfated polysaccharide (GLPss58) | Fungal (Ganoderma lucidum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | C57BL/6 mice, BMMs, MSLs, HPBLs | [61] |
| Polysaccharides (ALP-1) | Plant (Arctium lappa) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | DSS-induced colitis in ICR mice | [62] |
| Fucose-rich sulfated Polysaccharides (F4 fraction) | Algae (Sargassum horneri) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and LPS-treated zebrafish embryos | [63] |
| Polysaccharides (PSC) | Plant (Sargentodoxa cuneata) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and Carrageenan-induced edema in male SD rat paws | [64] |
| Ulvan | Algae (Ulva intestinalis) | Immunostimulation | J774A.1 cell | [65] |
| Alkali-soluble polysaccharides (ASPP) | Plant (Purple sweet potato) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and mice | [66] |
| Polysaccharide (PLS) | Plant (Thuja occidentalis Linn) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | Carrageenan (or other agents)-induced paw edema model in male Swiss mice | [67] |
| Polysaccharide (MRP-1) | Plant (Moringa oleifera roots) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neuroinflammatory activity) | LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages | [68] |
| Polysaccharides (WSRP-1b) | Plant (Kushui rose) | Preventive/Therapautic (Immunomodulatory activity) | RAW264.7 cell line | [69] |
| Polysaccharide (AFP-2) | Plant (Apios americana) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neurotoxicity) | PC12 cells | [70] |
| Polysaccharide (EbPS-A1) | Plant (Epimedium brevicornum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neurotoxicity) | Caenorhabditis elegans and Escherichia coli strains | [71] |
| Polysaccharides (LBP) | Plant (Lycium barbarum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Anti-neurotoxicity) | PC12 cells | [72] |
| Laminarin | Algae (Brown seaweed) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuronal activation) | Gerbils | [73] |
| Fucoidan | Algae (Laminaria Japonica) | Preventive/Therapautic (Counteracts memory deficits) | Sprague–Dawley rats | [74] |
| Polysaccharide (LRP3) | Plant (Lycium ruthenicum) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neuronal activation) | Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats | [75] |
| Polysaccharides (MCPs) | Plant (Momordica charantia) | Preventive/Therapautic (Promotes neuronal activation) | C17.2 cells, an immortalized NSC line | [76] |
| Polysaccharide (DPRG) | Fungal (Phellinus ribis) | Preventive/Therapautic (Neurotrophic activity) | PC12 cells | [77] |