Table 1.

Advantages of NA-vaccines compared with conventional vaccines.

Category	DNA Vaccines	RNA Vaccines
Design	Rapid design with the coding sequence of antigens A single formulation with multiple antigens is possible	Rapid design with the coding sequence of antigens A single formulation with multiple antigens is possible
Production	Rapid and reproducible production based on in vitro bacterial culture Large-scale manufacture without inactivation of infectious pathogens or purification of recombinant antigens Antigens with proper folding are produced in vivo	Rapid and reproducible production based on in vitro transcription Large-scale manufacture with “cell free” process Antigens with proper folding are produced in vivo, with the cytosol as its target, only transiently expressed
Stability	Depends on the formulation Ease of storage and transportation in most cases	Depends on the formulation Cold chain transportation is generally required
Immune responses	Both cellular and humoral immune responses	Both cellular and humoral immune responses without risk of genome integration