Table 2.

Summary of DNA vaccines inoculated via respiratory tract.

Disease	Nanoparticle	Coding Antigens	Experimental Animal	Administration	Immune Response 1	Ref.
Hepatitis	PC/DOPE/Chol	S protein	mice	i.n.	HIR(+)/MIR(+++)/CIR(+)	[111]
Tuberculosis	GAP-DLRIE:DOPE	85A	mice	i.n.	Th1 CIR(+)	[114]
Tuberculosis	EPC/DOPE/DOTAP	HSP65	mice	i.n.	Th1 CIR(++++)	[115]
Tuberculosis	MCS	HSP65	mice	i.n.	MIR(+++)/CIR(++)	[154]
Tuberculosis	Chitosan	Multiantigens	HLA-A2	i.t.	CIR(++)	[106]
Influenza	DODAC/DOPE/PEG	HA	mice	i.n.	HIR(++)/MIR(+)	[116,117]
Influenza	PEI	HA	mice	i.n.	HIR(+++)/MIR(++)	[139]
Influenza	dPEI	HA	mice	i.n.	HIR(++++)/MIR(++++)/CIR(+)	[143]
SARS-CoV	PEI	S protein	mice	i.n.	HIR(+++)/MIR(+++)/CIR(++)	[138]
SARS-CoV	Chitosan	N	mice	i.n.	HIR(++++)/MIR(++++)	[153]
HIV	PEI	HXBc2 gp120	mice	i.t.	CIR(++)	[140,141]
RSV	Chitosan	Multiantigens	mice	i.n.	HIR(++++)/MIR(++++)/CIR(+)	[151]
RSV	Chitosan	M2	mice	i.n.	CIR(+)	[152]
COVID-19	Chitosan–gold	S-protein	Mice	i.n.	MIR(N.A.)/HIR(++)/CIR(+)	[160]

¹ Responses are geometric means of postvaccination increases in specific antibodies versus control in vaccine recipients: ++++, >10-fold; +++, 5- to 10-fold; ++, 2.5- to 5-fold; +, 1.5- to 2.5-fold. RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; HA: hemagglutinin protein; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HIR: humoral immune responses; MIR: mucosal immune responses; CIR: cellular immune responses; SARS-CoV: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; i.n.: intranasal administration; i.t.: intrathecal administration; N.A.: not available.