Table 3.
Summary of RNA vaccines inoculated via the respiratory tract.
| Disease | Nanoparticle | Coding Antigens | Model Tested | Administration | Immune Response 1 | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza | LNP | HA | mice | i.n. | HIR(+)/CIR(++) | [34] |
| Influenza | Chitosan | HA and M2 | chicken | i.n. | HIR(++)/MIR(++)/CIR(+) | [167] |
| HIV | Cyclodextrin–PEI conjugate | gp120 | mice | i.n. | HIR(+)/CIR(+) | [202] |
| Model antigen | Cyclodextrin–PEI conjugate | OVA | mice | i.n. | HIR(+)/MIR(+)CIR(+) | [39] |
| Aggressive Lewis lung cancer model | Cationic liposome/protamine | cytokeratin 19 | mice | i.n. | CIR(+) | [205] |
| Tuberculosis | Ringer’s lactate solution | HSP65 | mice | i.n. | CIR(++) | [206] |
| E.G7-OVA tumor | Stemfect mRNA transfection reagent | OVA | mice | i.n. | CIR(++++) | [207] |
1 Responses are geometric means of postvaccination increase in specific antibodies versus control in vaccine recipients: ++++, >10-fold; +++, 5- to 10-fold; ++, 2.5- to 5-fold; +, 1.5- to 2.5-fold. HA: hemagglutinin protein; M2: matrix protein 2; OVA: ovalbumin; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HIR: humoral immune responses; MIR: mucosal immune response; CIR: cellular immune responses; SARS-CoV: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; i.n.: intranasal administration.