Table 1.

Global and specific stress response regulators involved in virulence and virulence gene expression in Escherichia coli.

Regulator	Stress Response	Role in Virulence	Reference
RpoS	Nutrient deprivation	Master regulator of stress	[41]
H-NS	Temperature	Regulates flagellar gene expression and fim and pap operon and many other genes	[42]
Lrp	Nutrient deprivation	Required for fim and pap fimbriae	[43]
ppGpp	Stringent response	Involved in biofilm formation and production of flagella	[44,45]
cAMP	Nutrient deprivation	Required for acid stress response, regulation of multiple virulence factors	[46]
SoxS/R and OxyR	Oxidative stress	Required for virulence in UPEC	[47]
CpxRA	Membrane damage	Required for type 1 and P fimbriae expression in UPEC	[48]
sRNA	Diverse	MicF regulates gene expression for the outer membrane	[49]
		RyhB is required for nutrient stress/iron homeostasis	[50]
		GadY is required for acid stress resistance	[51]
		RyfA is required for survival in human macrophages, resistance to multiple stresses	[52]
RpoH	Heat shock	Regulates gene expression in heat shock	[53]