Table 3.
Characteristics and major outcomes of studies examining lupin protein consumption and health outcomes.
| Reference | Study Type | Subjects (n) and Characteristics | Intervention | Control/Comparator | Energy Balance | Main Health Markers | Main Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weiße et al., 2010 [27] | RCT double blind parallel study 10-day run-in, 6-week treatment |
n = 56 n = 43 completed, moderately hypercholesterol-aemic (5.7–7.9 mmol/L) men (n = 25) and women (n = 31). Mean age 43.9 ± 11.8 years. Mean BMI 25.9 ± 4.5 kg/m2 |
Blue lupin protein isolate, 35 g in 2 snack bars per day | Casein protein (CP), 35 g protein in snack bars per day | Isocaloric | LDL:HDL, TC, LDL, HDL, TG, PG, mRNA SREBP-2, LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase | ↓ LDL:HDL for lupin compared to CP (p < 0.05) ↓ 0–6 week TC and LDL in lupin group ↓ 0–6 week TC, HDL, and TG for CP group (all p < 0.05) No difference between groups. ↓ alanine and glycine after CP ↓ methionine after Lupin, and ↓ than CP (p < 0.05) ↑ SREBP-2 in Lupin group, but not CP ↑ LDL receptor and ↓ HMG-CoA reductase in both groups (p < 0.05) No difference between groups for all 3 mRNA outcomes |
| Sirtori et al., 2012 [28] | RCT double blind, parallel study 4-week run-in, 4-week treatment |
n = 193 n = 175 completed, moderately hypercholesterol-aemic (TC > 2200 mg/L) men (n = 82) and women (n = 93). Mean age range 52.7 ± 12.4–55.3 ± 14.6 years. Mean BMI range 24.0 ± 2.0–25.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2 |
Blue lupin protein isolate/cellulose fibre combination added to 2 snack bars per day | Control: casein/cellulose. Comparators: lupin/cellulose; pea protein/cellulose; casein/oat fibre; casein/apple pectin; pea protein/oat fibre; pea protein/apple pectin |
Isocaloric | TC, LDL, HDL, TG, SG, SI, HOMA-IR, BW, adiponectin, sICAM-1, IL-6, hs-CRP | ↓ TC lupin/cellulose (p < 0.05) (Greatest reduction in TC (p = 0.0098) and LDL (p = 0.004) in pea/apple pectin treatment). No difference lupin/cellulose for LDL, HDL, TG, SG, SI or HOMA-IR (casein/cellulose, casein/apple pectin and pea/oat fibre all decreased SI and HOMA-IR (p < 0.05). Pea/oat fibre also decreased SG (p < 0.05)). No difference in adiponectin or inflammatory markers |
| Bähr et al., 2013 [30] | RCT double-blind cross-over study 8-week treatment, 4-week washout |
n = 33 hypercholesterol-aemic (TC ≥ 5.2 mmol/L) men (n = 33) and women (n = 18). Mean age range 49.4 ± 13.9–49.7 ± 12.8 years. Mean BMI range 27.3 ± 5.4–28.8 ± 6.5 kg/m2 |
Blue lupin protein isolate (LPI) protein drinks, 25 g LPI per day | Milk protein isolate (MPI) protein drinks, 25 g MPI per day | Isocaloric | TC, LDL, HDL, LDL:HDL, TG, 4 and 8week BW, SBP, DBP, resting pulse, urea, hs-CR | ↑ HDL at week 4 for LPI compared to MPI (p = 0.036) No difference between treatments for lipids ↓ LDL for both treatments at 4 weeks but not at 8 weeks (p ≤ 0.008) ↓ LDL:HDL for LPI (p = 0.022) Both treatments slight ↑ BW and body fat from 0–8 weeks (p ≤ 0.045) No difference between treatments ↓ SBP for both (p ≤ 0.014) ↓ DBP and resting pulse for LPI (p ≤ 0.044) No difference between treatments. No difference between treatments in hs-CRP and urea 0–4 or 0–8 weeks, ↑ urea 0–4 weeks for both treatments (p ≤ 0.001) with smaller increases 0–8 weeks (p ≤ 0.022) |
| Bähr et al., 2015 [31] | RCT double blind, cross-over 3-phase study 28 days treatment 6-week washout |
n = 72 n = 68 completed, hypercholesterol-aemic (TC ≥ 5.2 mmol/L) men (n = 28) and women (n = 40). Mean age range 50.4 ± 19.2–59.8. ± 9.3 years. Mean BMI range 24.9 ± 5.0–27.6 ± 4.4 kg/m2 |
Blue lupin protein isolate, 25 g consumed daily in 4 food products. | Milk protein (MP) 25 g in 4 food products; MP foods plus 2.5 g/d arginine in capsule form (MPA). Placebo capsules added to LP and MP diets for blindness | Isocaloric | TC, LDL, HDL, LDL:HDL, oxidised LDL, TG, SBP, DBP hs-CRP, urea, uric acid, homocysteine | ↓ LDL after Lupin compared with MP (p = 0.044) ↓ 0–28 d TC (p < 0.001), LDL (p < 0.01) and HDL (p < 0.001) after lupin and MPA ↓ TG (p < 0.05) after Lupin Increases in urea were smaller for Lupin (p = 0.004) and MP (p = 0.001) compared with MPA ↓ Uric acid (p < 0.01) after lupin ↓ homocysteine after lupin compared with MP (p = 0.001) and MPA (p = 0.004) |
Abbreviations: Body mass index (BMI); Body weight (BW); Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)); High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL); Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); Interleukin-6 (IL-6); Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL); Plasma glucose (PG); Systolic blood pressure (SBP); Serum glucose (SG); Serum insulin (SI); soluble intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1); Triglycerides (TG); Total cholesterol (TC).