Table 4.
Characteristics and major outcomes of studies examining lupin fibre consumption and health outcomes.
| Reference | Study Type | Subject (n) and Characteristics | Intervention | Control/Comparator | Energy Balance | Main Health Markers | Main Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hall et al., 2005 * [22] | RCT single blind cross-over study 28 days of treatment 28 days washout period |
n = 44 n = 38 completed, healthy men. Mean age 41.0 ± 1.9 years. Mean BMI 26.7 ± 0.5 kg/m2 |
Australian sweet lupin kernel fibre in foods within prescribed diet. 55 g dietary fibre/day for diets >9 MJ/day, 35 g dietary fibre/day for diets ≤9 MJ/day |
Prescribed control diet without added lupin fibre. 25 g dietary fibre/day for diets >9 MJ/day, 18 g dietary fibre/day for diets ≤9 MJ/day |
Isocaloric | TC, HDL, TG, PG and insulin, HOMA-IR, satiety perception, BW | ↓ TC, LDL, TC:HDL and LDL:HDL for both treatments (p < 0.05) ↓ TC (p = 0.001), LDL (p = 0.001) TC:LDL (p = 0.006 ) and LDL:HDL (p = 0.003) for lupin relative to control. No difference in HDL and TG. No difference in PG for lupin (↓ PG in control (p = 0.001)) No difference in PG, insulin, HOMA-IR or satiety perception between treatments. No difference in BW for either treatment |
| Smith et al., 2006 * [20] | Paper refers to the Hall 2005 study above |
n = 18 (randomly selected from above study) |
As above | As above | As above | Measures of (i) total cells, (ii) total bacteria, (iii) E. rectale-C. coccoides, (iv) Bacteriodes-Prevotella, (v) Enterobacteriaceae, (vi) C. histolyticum/C. lituseburense group, (vii) Lactobacillus-Enterococci, (viii) Bifidobacterium, (ix) C. ramosum, C. spiroforme and C. cocleatum group | ↑ Bifidobacteria (p = 0.001) ↓ C. ramosum, C. spiroforme and C. cocleatum group (p = 0.039) in lupin diet. No difference between treatments in total cells, total bacteria or populations of other species. Strong trend (p = 0.53) towards decreased Bacteroides-Prevotella in lupin diet |
| Johnson et al., 2006 * [21] | Paper refers to the Hall 2005 study above |
n = 38 healthy men. Mean age 41.0 ± 1.9 years. Mean BMI 26.7 ± 0.5 kg/m2 |
As above | As above | As above | Frequency and ease of bowel motion, flatulence level, Bristol Stool Form, frequency (events), output, transit time, pH, faecal moisture content SCFA (total, acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate) |
↑ Frequency (p = 0.047), ↑ faecal output (p = 0.020), ↓ transit time (p = 0.012), ↑ perception of flatulence level (p < 0.001), ↓ faecal pH (p < 0.001), ↑ faecal moisture content (p = 0.027), ↑ total SCFA concentration (p = 0.001) and ↑ daily output (p < 0.001), ↑ acetate concentration (p < 0.001) and ↑ daily output (p < 0.001) ↑ butyrate concentration (p = 0.006) and output (p = 0.002) ↑ valerate output (p = 0.030) with no difference in concentration. No difference in proprionate, isobutyrate or isovalerate. |
| Fechner et al., 2013 [19] | RCT double blind cross-over study 4 periods of 2 weeks each: run-in, 2 treatments and washout |
n = 76 healthy men (n = 21) and women (n = 55). Mean age 24.4 ± 3.2 years. Mean BMI 21.7 ± 2.4 kg/m2 |
Blue lupin kernel fibre and white lupin kernel fibre. Total dietary fibre per treatment 25 g/d in beverages |
Citrus fibre as active comparator for 2 lupin and 1 soya fibre treatments | Isocaloric | TC, HDL, LDL, TG, faecal pH, transit time, Bristol Stool Form, faecal SCFAs and bile acids | No change in serum lipids for all treatments, ↓ faecal pH for blue lupin (p < 0.01), no difference relative to citrus. ↓ Transit time, ↑ Bristol Stool Form score for blue lupin (p ≤ 0.05) ↑ Total SCFA, acetate, propionate and n-butyrate excretion for blue lupin (p ≤ 0.05). ↑ Primary bile acid excretion (p = 0.02) for blue lupin, ↓ total bile acid excretion for blue lupin relative to citrus. ↓ Total bile acid excretion for white lupin from run-in. ↓ Secondary bile acid excretion for blue and white lupin from run-in (p ≤ 0.05). |
| Fechner et al., 2014 [29] | RCT double blind cross-over study 3 intervention periods of 4 weeks each, run-in and 2 washout periods of 2 weeks each |
n = 52 moderately hypercholesterol-aemic (TC >5.2 mmol/L) men (n = 20) and women (n = 32). Mean age: 46.9 ± 3.2 years. Mean BMI: 26.5 ± 5.9 kg/m2 |
Blue lupin kernel fibre 25 g/d | Citrus fibre 25 g/d as active comparator; control diet (CD) with no added fibre | Isocaloric | General excretion markers, faecal concentration or excretion of neutral sterols, bile acids and SCFAs. BW, body composition, BP, TC, HDL, LDL, TG LDL:HDL hs-CRP, satiety score |
↓ Faecal pH from baseline (p ≤ 0.01) and against CD (p ≤ 0.001), ↓ transit time against CD (p ≤ 0.05), no difference in neutral sterols. ↑ Primary bile acids from baseline (p ≤ 0.05), no difference in total or secondary bile acids. ↑ Formation of total SCFA from baseline (p ≤ 0.001) and against CD (p ≤ 0.01), ↑ acetate from baseline and against CD (p ≤ 0.001), ↑ propionate from baseline (p ≤ 0.001) and against control (p ≤ 0.05), ↑ butyrate from baseline (p ≤ 0.01) and against control (p ≤ 0.05). ↓ BW, BMI, and WC from baseline (p ≤ 0.001) and against control (p ≤ 0.01). ↓ TC (9%), LDL (12%) and TG (10%) for lupin compared with citrus (p ≤ 0.02), ↓ hs-CRP (p = 0.02), SBP (p = 0.01) for lupin compared to baseline. ↑ Perception of satiety (p ≤ 0.001) |
* Part of one study; Abbreviations: Body mass index (BMI); Blood pressure (BP)); Body weight (BW); High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL); Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP); Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL); Plasma glucose (PG); Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA); Triglycerides (TG); Total cholesterol (TC).