Table 2.

Overview of clinical trials using DC-based combination strategies in MM patients.

Study Start Year	NCT Number	Clinical Trial	Number of Participants	Prior Treatment	Tumor Antigen	DC-Based Vaccination Strategy	Combination Therapy	Treatment Protocol
2010	NCT01067287	Phase II	n = 35	Auto-HSCT	Tumor MM cells	DC/MM fusion vaccine	The monoclonal antibody; CT-011	3 doses of CT-011 at a 6-week interval, starting 1–3 months following auto-HSCT DC/MM fusion vaccine was given 1 week following each infusion of CT-011
2016	NCT02728102	Phase II	n = 203	High-dose chemotherapy (e.g., melphalan) and auto-HSCT	Tumor MM cells	DC/MM fusion vaccine	The IMiD; lenalidomide (Revlimid)	DC/MM fusion vaccine was given on day 1 of cycles 2, 3, and 4 of lenalidomide maintenance therapy, starting 90–100 days after auto-HSCT, and continued for 2 years. GM-CSF was given daily for a total of 4 days of each cycle. One cycle lasted 28 days.
2019	NCT03782064	Phase II	n = 5	IMiDs and PI	Tumor MM cells	DC/MM fusion vaccine	The monoclonal antibody; nivolumab	Nivolumab was given at a 2-week interval DC/MM fusion vaccine/GM-CSF was administered 4 days per cycle

DC, dendritic cell; MM, multiple myeloma; auto-HSCT, autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IMiDs, immunomodulatory drugs; PI, proteasome inhibitor.