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. 2022 Jan 7;14(1):145. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010145

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Encapsulation of the propranolol HCl tablet soaked with color dye (methylene blue) inside the 3D printed controlled-release shell, and gradual increase of the intensity of the color solution showing visually the release of methylene blue from the 3D printed shell. (B) Different sizes of 3D printed controlled-release shells illustrating the gap/space between the enclosed tablet and the shell wall. (C) Cumulative release of propranolol HCl with phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) as dissolution media at temperature 37 ± 0.5 °C from 3D printed controlled-release shells of different sizes. Reprinted from [102], Polymers 2020.