Table 2.
Antibacterial marine xanthone.
| Name | Activity | Source | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sydowinin B (3) | V. rotiferianus (MCCC E385) (MIC = 32.6 ± 1.1 µg mL−1) | Aspergillus sydowii (C1-S01-A7) collected in the West Pacific Ocean | [32] |
| 1,4,7-Trihydroxy-6-methylxanthone (15) | E. coli (MIC = 32 μg mL−1); P. aeruginosa (MIC = 32 μg mL−1); S. aureus (MIC > 64 μg mL−1); V. alginolyticus (MIC = 32 μg mL−1); V. harveyi (MIC = 32 μg mL−1); V. parahaemolyticus (MIC = 32 μg mL−1) | Talaromyces islandicus (EN-501) isolated from Laurencia okamurai | [59] |
| 1,4,5-Trihydroxy-2-methylxanthone (16) | E. coli (MIC = 4 μg mL−1); P. aeruginosa (MIC = 4 μg mL−1); S. aureus (MIC = 8 μg mL−1); V. alginolyticus (MIC = 4 μg mL−1); V. harveyi (MIC = 8 μg mL−1); V. parahaemolyticus (MIC = 4 μg mL−1) | ||
| Norlichexanthone (17) | S. aureus (ATCC 27154) (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1); E. coli (ATCC 25922) (MIC > 100 µg mL−1); S. ventriculi (ATCC 29068) (MIC = 25.0 µg mL−1); P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25668) (MIC = 25.0 µg mL−1) | Talaromyces sp. (ZH-154) collected in the South China Sea | [60] |
| Yicathin C (18) | E. coli (zone of inhibition 12.0 mm); S. aureus (zone of inhibition 7.5 mm) | Aspergillus wentii isolated from Gymnogongrus flabelliformis collected at Pingtan Island | [61] |
| Yicathin B (19) | E. coli (zone of inhibition 9 mm) | ||
| Fischexanthone (20) | E. coli (MIC > 1265.82 µM); S. aureus (MIC > 1265.82 µM) |
Alternaria sp. (R6) isolated from mangrove collected at Leizhou peninsula |
[62] |
| Methyl (2-chloro-l,6-dihydroxy-3-methylxanthone)-8-carboxylate (21) | S. aureus (ATCC43300) (MIC = 6.25 μg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC29213) (MIC = 6.25 μg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC33591) (MIC = 3.13 μg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC25923) (MIC = 3.13 μg mL−1); E. faecalis (ATCC51299) (MIC = >100 μg mL−1); E. faecium (ATCC35667) (MIC = >100 μg mL−1); V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC17802) (MIC > 100 μg mL−1) | Aspergillus flavipes (DL-11) isolated from coastal sediment collected in Dalian | [63] |
| Methyl (4- chloro-l,6-dihydroxy-3-methylxanthone)-8-carboxylate (22) | S. aureus (ATCC43300) (MIC = 3.13 μg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC29213) (MIC = 3.13 μg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC33591) (MIC = 1.56 μg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC25923) (MIC = 3.13 μg mL−1); E. faecalis (ATCC51299) (MIC 25 μg mL−1); E. faecium (ATCC35667) (MIC 50 μg mL−1); V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC17802) (MIC > 100 μg mL−1) | ||
| 2-Hydroxy-6-formyl-vertixanthone (23) | MRSA (ATCC 43300) (MIC = 16.3 ± 0.9 µg mL−1); MRSA (CGMCC 1.12409) (MIC = 16.1 ± 0.5 µg mL−1) | Aspergillus sydowii (C1-S01-A7) collected in the West Pacific Ocean | [32] |
| 12-O-Acetyl-sydowinin A (24) | MRSA (ATCC 43300) (MIC = 32.6 ± 0.8 µg mL−1); MRSA (CGMCC 1.12409) (MIC = 31.8 ± 0.8 µg mL−1) | ||
| Emodin (25) | V. vulnificus (MCCC E1758) (MIC = 16.1 ± 0.7 µg mL−1); MRSA (ATCC 43300) (MIC = 15.4 ± 0.3 µg mL−1); MRSA (CGMCC 1.12409) (MIC = 15.7 ± 0.5 µg mL−1) | ||
| Aspergillusone A (26) | MRSA (ATCC 43300) (MIC = 32.2 ± 0.3 µg mL−1); MRSA (CGMCC 1.12409) (MIC = 32.4 ± 0.1 µg mL−1) | ||
| BCG (M. bovis Pasteur 1173P2) (MIC = 20 µg mL−1) | Aspergillus versicolor (MF160003) | [64] | |
| Chalaniline B (27) | Percent (%) growth of treated bacteria: B. subtilis (ATCC 49343) (67 ± 17%); S. aureus (ATCC 25923) (64 ± 14%); MRSA (ATCC BAA-41) (57 ± 8%); MRSA (ATCC BAA-44) (40 ± 2%) | Endophytic ascomycete with Chalara sp. (6661) | [65] |
| Engyodontiumone H (50) | E. coli (zone of inhibition 13.8 mm); B. subtilis (zone of inhibition 16.5 mm) | Engyodontium album (DFFSCS02) isolated from a sediment collected in the South China Sea | [28] |
| E. coli (MIC = 64 μg mL−1); B. subtilis (MIC = 32 μg mL−1) | |||
| Aspergillusone B (63) | E. coli (zone of inhibition 11.0 mm); B. subtilis (zone of inhibition 14.4 mm) | Engyodontium album (DFFSCS02) isolated from a sediment collected in the South China Sea | |
| E. coli (MIC = 64 μg mL−1); B. subtilis (MIC = 64 μg mL−1) | |||
| AGI-B4 (64) | E. coli (zone of inhibition 15.8 mm); B. subtilis (zone of inhibition 17.5 mm) | Engyodontium album (DFFSCS02) isolated from sediment collected in the South China Sea | |
| E. coli (MIC = 64 μg mL−1); B. subtilis (MIC = 64 μg mL−1) | Engyodontium album (DFFSCS02) isolated from sediment collected in the South China Sea | ||
| V. vulnificus (MCCC E1758) (MIC = 32.5 ± 0.4 µg mL−1); MRSA (ATCC 43300) (MIC = 32.9 ± 0.3 µg mL−1); MRSA (CGMCC 1.12409) (MIC = 16.3 ± 0.5 µg mL−1) | Deep sea-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii C1-S01-A7 isolated in the West Pacific Ocean | [32] | |
| Blennolide A (65) | E. coli (zone of inhibition 7 mm); B. megaterium (zone of inhibition 8 mm) | Blennoria sp. isolated from Carpobrotus edulis collected at Gomera | [66] |
| Blennolide B (66) | E. coli (zone of inhibition 8 mm); B. megaterium (zone of inhibition 8 mm) | ||
| Paeciloxanthone (68) | E. coli (zone of inhibition 12 mm) | Paecilomyces sp. isolated from a mangrove collected in the Taiwan Strait | [40] |
| Stergimatocystin (81) | S. aureus (zone of inhibition 9.0 mm) | Aspergillus versicolor | [44] |
| Hemi-acetal sterigmatocystin (86) | S. aureus (ATCC 6538) (MIC > 100 μg mL−1); B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) (MIC > 100 μg mL−1); MRSA (MIC >100 μg mL−1); P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15692) (MIC > 100 μg mL−1) | Aspergillus versicolor (MF359) isolated from Hymeniacidon perleve collected in the Bohai Sea | [67] |
| Acyl-hemiacetal sterigmatocystin (87) | S. aureus (ATCC 6538) (MIC > 100 μg mL−1); B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) (MIC > 100 μg mL−1); MRSA (MIC > 100 μg/mL); P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15692) (MIC > 100 μg mL−1) | ||
| 5-Methoxydihydrosterigmatocystin (88) | S. aureus (ATCC 6538) (MIC = 12.5 μg mL−1); B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) (MIC = 3.125 μg mL−1); MRSA (MIC > 100 μg mL−1); P. aeruginosa (ATCC 15692) (MIC > 100 μg mL−1) | ||
| Emerixanthone E (89) | E. coli (ATCC 29922); K. pneumoniae (ATCC 13883); S. aureus (ATCC 29213), E. faecalis (ATCC 29212); A. baumannii (ATCC 19606); A. hydrophila (ATCC 7966): Diameters of the inhibition zones ranged between 9 and 11 mm | Emericella sp. collected in the South China Sea | [68] |
| Emerixanthone A (90) | E. coli (ATCC 29922); K. pneumoniae (ATCC 13883); S. aureus (ATCC 29213); E. faecalis (ATCC 29212); A. baumannii (ATCC 19606); A. hydrophila (ATCC 7966): Diameters of inhibition zones were all 4–6 mm | Emericella sp. (SCSIO 05240) collected in the South China Sea | [69] |
| Emerixanthone C (91) | E. coli (ATCC 29922); K. pneumoniae (ATCC 13883); S. aureus (ATCC 29213); E. faecalis (ATCC 29212); A. baumannii (ATCC 19606); A. hydrophila (ATCC 7966): Diameters of inhibition zones were all 4–6 mm | ||
| Varixanthone (92) | E. coli (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1); Proteus sp. (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1); B. subtilis (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1); S. aureus (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1); E. faecalis (MIC = 50 µg mL−1) | Emericella variecolor (M75-2) was isolated from a Porifera sp. collected in the Caribbean Sea | [70] |
| Oxisterigmatocystin C (93) | S. aureus (ATCC25923) (MIC < 48 μg mL−1) | Aspergillus sp. (F40) isolated from Callyspongia sp. | [71] |
| Aspergixanthone G (94) | M. luteus (MIC = 0.78 µg mL−1); B. anthracis (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1); S. typhi (MIC = 6.13 µg mL−1); E. aerogenes (MIC = 6.13 µg mL−1) | Aspergillus sp. (ZA-01) isolated from sediment collected in the Bohai Sea | [45] |
| Aspergixanthone H (95) | M. luteus (MIC = 6.13 µg mL−1); B. anthracis (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1); S. typhi (MIC = 6.13 µg mL−1); E. aerogenes (MIC = 6.13 µg mL−1) | ||
| Dicerandrol C (122) | S. aureus (ATCC 6538) (MIC = 1.33 µM); S. saprophyticus (ATCC 15305) (MIC = 2.66 µM) | Phomopsis longicolla isolated from Bostrychia radicans collected in Brazil | [72] |
| Secalonic acid D (123) | S. aureus (ATCC 29,213) (IC50 = 7.19 μM); M. tuberculosis (IC50 = 1.26 μM) | Aspergillus sp. (SCSIO XWS03F03) isolated from a sponge | [73] |
| B. subtilis (MIC = 24.4 µg mL−1); E. coli J(VC1228) (MIC = 24.4 µg mL−1); M. luteus (UST950701-006) (MIC = 24.4 µg mL−1); P. nigrifaciens (UST010620-005) (MIC = 97.5 µg mL−1) | Penicillium sp. (SCSGAF0023) isolated from Dichotella gemmacea collected in the South China Sea | [74] | |
| JBIR-97/98 (145) | S. epidermidis (IC50 = 0.20 ± 0.04 μM); MRSA (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.02 μM); P. acnes (IC50 = 11.0 ± 1.3 μM) | Engyodontium album isolated from Cacospinga scalaris collected at the Limski Fjord | [75] |
| Engyodontochone A (146) | S. epidermidis (IC50 = 0.19 ± 0.04 μM); MRSA (IC50 = 0.17 ± 0.02 μM); P. acnes (IC50 = 13.8 ± 1.7 μM) | ||
| JBIR-99 (147) | S. epidermidis (IC50 = 0.21 ± 0.09 μM); MRSA (IC50 = 0.25 ± 0.07μM); P. acnes (IC50 = 14.1 ± 2.7 μM) | ||
| Engyodontochone B (148) | S. epidermidis (IC50 = 0.22 ± 0.03 μM); MRSA (IC50 = 0.24 ± 0.04 μM); P. acnes (IC50 = 11.7 ± 2.4 μM) | ||
| Microluside A (149) | E. faecalis (JH212) (MIC = 10 μM); S. aureus (NCTC 8325) (MIC = 13 μM) | Micrococcus sp. (EG45) isolated from Spheciospongia vagabunda collected in the Red Sea | [76] |
| Citreamicin θ A (150) | S. haemolyticus (MIC = 0.5 μg mL−1); S. aureus (UST950701-005) (MIC = 1.0 μg mL−1); B. subtillis (769) (MIC = 0.25 μg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC43300) (MIC = 0.25 μg mL−1) | Streptomyces caelestis collected in the Red Sea | [77] |
| Citreamicin θ B (151) | S. haemolyticus (UST950701-004) (MIC = 0.5 μg mL−1); S. aureus (UST950701-005) (MIC = 1.0 μg mL−1); B. subtilis (769) (MIC = 0.25 μg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC43300) (MIC = 0.25 μg mL−1) | ||
| Citreaglycon A (152) | S. haemolyticus (MIC = 8.0 μg mL−1); S. aureus (UST950701-005) (MIC = 16 μg mL−1); B. subtilis (769) (MIC = 8.0 μg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC43300) (MIC = 8.0 μg mL−1) | ||
| Dehydrocitreaglycon A (153) | S. haemolyticus (UST950701-004) (MIC = 8.0 μg mL−1); S. aureus (UST950701-005) (MIC = 16 μg mL−1); B. subtilis (769) (MIC = 8.0 μg mL−1) | ||
| Penicillixanthone A (154) | B. subtilis (MIC = 24.4 µg mL−1); E. coli (JVC1228) (MIC = 24.4 µg mL−1); M. luteus (UST950701- 006) (MIC = 24.4 µg mL−1); P. nigrifaciens (UST010620-005) (MIC = 97.5 µg mL−1) | Penicillium sp. (SCSGAF0023) isolated from Dichotella gemmacea collected in the South China Sea | [74] |
| IB-00208 (155) | E. coli (ATCC 10536) (MIC ≥ 150 nM); K. pneumonie (ATCC 29665) (MIC ≥ 150 nM); P. aeruginosa (ATCC 10145) (MIC ≥ 150 nM); B. subtilis (ATCC 6051) (MIC = 1.4 nM); S. aureus (ATCC 6538P) (MIC = 1.4 nM); M. luteus (ATCC 9341) (MIC = 0.09 nM) | Actinomadura sp. collected at the northern coast of Spain | [78] |
| Buanmycin (156) | S. aureus (MIC = 10.5 μM, sortase A inhibition IC50 = 43.2 μM); B. subtilis (MIC = 0.7 μM); K. rhizophila (MIC = 10.5 μM); S. enterica (MIC = 0.7 μM); P. hauseri (MIC = 21.1 μM) | Streptomyces sp. isolated from a tidal mudflat collected in Buan | [57] |
| B. cereus (IC50 = 3.0 µM); E. coli (IC50 = 6.0 µM) | Streptomyces sp. (HGMA004) isolated from a mudflat collected at Uki | [58] | |
| Secalonic acid A (157) | S. aureus (ATCC 27154) (MIC = 12.5 μg mL−1); E. coli (ATCC 25922) (MIC = 25 μg mL−1); S. ventriculi (ATCC 29068) (MIC = 12.5 μg mL−1); P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25668) (MIC = 12.5 μg mL−1) | Talaromyces sp. (ZH-154) collected in the South China Sea | [60] |
| Secalonic acid B (158) | B. subtilis (MIC = 97.5 µg mL−1); E. coli (JVC1228) (MIC = 97.5 µg mL−1); M. luteus (UST950701-006) (MIC = 97.5 µg mL−1); P. nigrifaciens (UST010620-005) (MIC = 390.5 µg mL−1) | Penicillium sp. (SCSGAF0023) isolated from Dichotella gemmacea collected in the South China Sea | [74] |
| B. megaterium (zone of inhibition 15 mm) | Blennoria sp. isolated from Carpobrotus edulis collected at Gomera | [66] | |
| Neocitreamicin I (159) | B. subtilis 1A1 (MIC = 0.06 μg mL−1); S. aureus (MRSA NRS1) (MIC = 0.50 μg mL−1); S. aureus (MRSA NRS2) (MIC = 0.12 μg mL−1); S. aureus (MRSA NRS71) (MIC = 0.12 μg mL−1); E. faecalis (VRE 51299) (MIC = 0.06 μg mL−1); E. faecalis (VRE 51575) (MIC = 0.12 μg mL−1); E. coli K-12 (MIC ≥ 8.0 μg mL−1) | Nocardia sp. (G0655) isolated from a sandy soil sample collected in Falmouth | [79] |
| Neocitreamicin II (160) | B. subtilis 1A1 (MIC = 0.12 μg mL−1); S. aureus (MRSA NRS1) (MIC = 1.0 μg mL−1); S. aureus (MRSA NRS2) (MIC = 0.50 μg mL−1); S. aureus (MRSA NRS71) (MIC = 0.50 μg mL−1); E. faecalis (VRE 51299) (MIC = 0.06 μg mL−1); E. faecalis (VRE 51575) (MIC = 0.25 μg mL−1); E. coli K-12 (MIC ≥ 8.0 μg mL−1) | ||
| Citreamicin α (161) | E. coli (MIC > 128 μg mL−1); K. pneumoniae (MIC > 128 μg mL−1); Serratia sp. (MIC > 128 μg mL−1); Citrobacter sp. (MIC > 128 μg mL−1); P. aeruginosa (MIC ≥ 128 μg mL−1); S. aureus (MIC < 0.06~0.12 μg mL−1); S. epidermidis (MIC < 0.06 μg mL−1); Enterococcus sp. (MIC < 0.06~0.12 μg mL−1); Streptococcus sp. (MIC < 0.06 μg mL−1); S. pneumoniae (MIC < 0.06 μg mL−1); B. fragilis (MIC = 16 μg mL−1); B. thetaiotaomicron (MIC = 4 μg mL−1); Clostridium perfringens (MIC < 0.06 μg mL−1); C. difficile (MIC < 0.06 μg mL−1) | Culture LL-E19085 was isolated from a soil sample collected at Lake Manyara | [80] |
| Chrysoxanthone A (162) | B. subtilis (ATCC 63501) (MIC = 5 µg mL−1); E. coli (ATCC 25922) (MIC > 100 µg mL−1) | Penicillium chrysogenum (HLS111) isolated from a sponge | [50] |
| Chrysoxanthone B (163) | S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228, MSSE) (MIC = 10 µg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC 29213, MSSA) (MIC = 20 µg mL−1); B. subtilis (ATCC 63501) (MIC = 5 µg mL−1); E. faecalis (ATCC 29212, VSE) (MIC ≥ 100 µg mL−1); E. coli (ATCC 25922) (MIC ≥ 100 µg mL−1) | ||
| Chrysoxanthone C (164) | S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228, MSSE) (MIC = 20 µg mL−1); S. aureus (ATCC 29213, MSSA) (MIC = 80 µg mL−1); B. subtilis (ATCC 63501) (MIC = 10 µg mL−1); E. faecalis (ATCC 29212, VSE) (MIC > 100 µg mL−1); E. coli (ATCC 25922) (MIC > 100 µg mL−1) | ||
| Ukixanthomycin A (165) | B. cereus (IC50 > 200 µM); E. coli (IC50 > 200 µM) | Streptomyces sp. (HGMA004) isolated from a mudflat collected at Uki | [58] |
MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration, IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration. A. baumannii: Acinetobacter baumannii; A. hydrophila: Aeromonas hydrophila; B. anthracis: Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus: Bacillus cereus; B. fragilis: Bacteroides fragilis; B. megaterium: Bacillus megaterium; B. subtilis: Bacillus subtilis; B. thetaiotaomicron: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron; C. difficile: Clostridium difficile; C. perfringens: Clostridium perfringens; E. coli: Escherichia coli; E. aerogenes: Enterobacter aerogenes; E. faecalis: Enterococcus faecalis; E. faecium: Enterococcus faecium; K. pneumoniae: Klebsiella pneumoniae; K. rhizophila: Kocuria rhizophila; M. bovis: Mycobacterium bovis; M. luteus: Micrococcus luteus; M. tuberculosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; P. acnes: Propionibacterium acnes; P. aeruginosa: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; P. hauseri: Proteus hauseri; P. nigrifaciens: Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens; S. aureus: Staphyloccocus aureus; S. enterica: Salmonella enterica; S. epidermidis: Staphylococcus epidermidis; S. haemolyticus: Staphylococcus haemolyticus; S. pneumoniae: Streptococcus pneumoniae; S. saprophyticus: Staphylococcus saprophyticus; S. typhi: Salmonella typhi; S. ventriculi: Sarcina ventriculi; V. alginolyticus: Vibro alginolyticus; V. harveyi: Vibro harveyi; V. parahaemolyticus: Vibro parahaemolyticus; V. rotiferianus: Vibro rotiferianus; V. vulnificus: Vibro vulnificus.