Table 3.
Antifungal marine xanthone.
| Name | Activity | Source | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Norlichexanthone (17) | B. megaterium (zone of inhibition 1 mm) | Enteromorpha sp. collected at Fehmarn Island | [81] |
| C. albicans (ATCC 10231) (MIC = 6.25 μg mL−1); A. niger (ATCC 13496) (MIC = 25.0 μg mL−1); F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (MIC = 50.0 μg mL−1) | Talaromyces sp. (ZH-154) collected in the South China Sea | [60] | |
| Yicathin C (18) | C. lagenarium (zone of inhibition 11.0 mm) | Aspergillus wentii isolated from Gymnogongrus flabelliformis collected at Pingtan Island | [61] |
| Fischexanthone (20) | F. graminearum (MIC = 474.68 µM); C. musae (MIC = 474.68 µM) |
Alternaria sp. (R6) isolated from mangrove collected at Leizhou peninsula |
[62] |
| 2,3,6,8-Tetrahydroxy-1-methylxanthone (28) | M. violaceum (zone of inhibition 1 mm) | Enteromorpha sp. collected at Fehmarn Island | [81] |
| Dimethyl 8-methoxy-9-oxo- 9H-xanthene-1, 6-dicarboxylate (29) | F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (MIC = 12.5 µg mL−1) | Penicillium sp. ZZF 32# collected in the South China Sea | [82,83] |
| 1-Hydroxy-6-methyl-8-(hydroxymethyl)xanthone (30) |
E. repens (zone of inhibition 2 mm) U. violacea (zone of inhibition 2 mm) |
Ulocladium botrytis (193A4) isolated from the Callyspongia vaginalis collected at Dominica |
[84] |
| 4-Chlorofischexanthone (31) |
F. graminearum (MIC = 107 µM) C. musae (MIC = 214 µM) |
Alternaria sp. (R6) isolated from mangrove collected at Leizhou peninsula |
[62] |
| 8-Hydroxy-3-methyl-9-oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylic acid methyl ether (32) | G. musae (Rate of inhibition 53%); P. cichoralearum (Rate of inhibition 48%); C. glocosporioides (Rate of inhibition 28%); B. graminearum (Rate of inhibition 4.6%); F. oxysporum (Rate of inhibition 9.5%) | Co-culture broth of mangrove fungi (strain No. K38 and E33) collected in the South China Sea | [85,86] |
| Globosuxanthone A (56) | C. albicans IFM 4954 (zone of inhibition 7 mm) | Beauveria bassiana (TPU942) isolated from a sponge collected at Iriomote Island | [35] |
| Blennolide A (65) | M. violaceum (zone of inhibition 9 mm) | Blennoria sp. isolated from Carpobrotus edulis collected at Gomera | [66] |
| Blennolide B (66) | M. violaceum (zone of inhibition 8 mm) | ||
| Paeciloxanthone (68) | C. lunata (zone of inhibition 6 mm); C. albicans (zone of inhibition 10 mm) | Paecilomyces sp. isolated from a mangrove collected in the Taiwan Strait | [40] |
| Versicone A (74) | C. acutatum (MIC = 32 μg mL−1); F. oxysporum (MIC = 128 μg mL−1); M. oryzae (MIC > 200 μg mL−1) | Aspergillus versicolor (SCSIO 05879) collected in the Indian Ocean | [87] |
| Versicone B (75) | C. acutatum (MIC > 200 μg mL−1); F. oxysporum (MIC > 200 μg mL−1); M. oryzae (MIC > 200 μg mL−1) | ||
| Versicone C (76) | C. acutatum (MIC > 200 μg mL−1); F. oxysporum (MIC > 200 μg mL−1); M. oryzae (MIC > 200 μg mL−1) | ||
| Versicone D (77) | C. acutatum (MIC > 200 μg mL−1); F. oxysporum (MIC > 200 μg mL−1); M. oryzae (MIC > 200 μg mL−1) | ||
| Emerixanthone D (109) | Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., A. niger, R. solani, F. oxysporium f. sp. niveum, F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumeris: Diameters of inhibition zones of which were both 3–4 mm | Emericella sp. (SCSIO 05240) collected in the South China Sea | [69] |
| Buanmycin (156) | C. albicans (MIC = 21.1 μM); A. fumigatus (MIC = 84.3 μM) | Streptomyces sp. isolated from a tidal mudflat collected in Buan | [57] |
| C. albicans (IC50 = 0.4 μM) | Streptomyces sp. (HGMA004) isolated from a mudflat collected at Uki | [58] | |
| Secalonic acid A (157) | C. albicans (ATCC 10231) (MIC = 6.25 μg mL−1); A. niger (ATCC 13496) (MIC = 6.25 μg mL−1); F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (MIC = 12.5 μg mL−1) | Talaromyces sp. (ZH-154) collected in the South China Sea | [60] |
| Secalonic acid B (158) | M. violaceum (zone of inhibition 13 mm) | Blennoria sp. isolated from Carpobrotus edulis collected at Gomera | [66] |
| Ukixanthomycin A (165) | C. albicans (IC50 = 11.5 µM) | Streptomyces sp. (HGMA004) isolated from a mudflat collected at Uki | [58] |
MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration, IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration. A. fumigatus: Aspergillus fumigatus; A. niger: Aspergillus niger; C. albicans: Candida albicans; C. acutatum: Colletotrichum acutatum; C. glocosporioides: Colletotrichum glocosporioides; C. lagenarium: Colletotrichum lagenarium; C. lunata: Curvularia lunata; C. musae: Calletotrichum musae; E. repens: Eurotium repens; F. graminearum: Fusarium graminearum; F. oxysporum: Fusarium oxysporum; G. musae: Gloeosporium musae; M. oryzae: Magnaporthe oryzae; M. violaceum: Microbotryum violaceum; P. cichoralearum: Peronophthora cichoralearum; R. solani: Rhizoctonia solani; U. violacea: Ustilago violacea.