Table 4.
Antiviral marine xanthone.
| Name | Activity | Source | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Norlichexanthone (17) | EV71 (IC50 = 40.3 μM) | Stachybotry sp. (ZSDS1F1-2) isolated from a sponge collected at Xisha Island | [34] |
| HIV-1-RT (82.9% inhibition at 66 μg mL−1) | Enteromorpha sp. collected at Fehmarn Island | [81] | |
| 2,3,6,8-Tetrahydroxy-1-methylxanthone (28) | HIV-1-RT (82.2% inhibition at 66 μg mL−1) | ||
| 3,8-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-9- oxo-9H-xanthene-1-carboxylate (33) | H1N1 (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H274Y) (IC50 = 9.40 ± 1.96 µM); H1N1 (A/FM-1/1/47) (IC50 = 4.80 ± 1.28 µM); H3N2 (A/Aichi/2/68) (IC50 = 5.12 ± 1.49 µM) | Diaporthe sp. (SCSIO 41011), isolated from Rhizophora stylosa | [88] |
| Methyl-(2-chloro-l,6-dihydroxy-3-methylxanthone)-8-carboxylate (34) | H1N1 (IC50 = 133.4 µM); HSV-1 (IC50 = 55.5 µM); HSV-2 (IC50 = 175.5 µM) | Aspergillus iizukae collected from coastal saline soil | [89] |
| Methyl-(4-chloro-l,6-dihydroxy-3-methylxanthone)-8-carboxylate (35) | H1N1 (IC50 = 44.6 µM); HSV-1 (IC50 = 21.4 µM); HSV-2 (IC50 = 76.7 µM) | ||
| Methyl-(4-chloro-6-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methylxanthone)-8-carboxylate (36) | H1N1 (IC50 ≥ 200 µM); HSV-1 (IC50 = 139.4 µM); HSV-2 (IC50 ≥ 200 µM) | ||
| Methyl-(6-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-methylxanthone)-8-carboxylate (37) | H1N1 (IC50 ≥ 200 µM); HSV-1 (IC50 = 157.7 µM); HSV-2 (IC50 = 163.3 µM) | ||
| 4-Chloro-1,6-dihydroxy-3-methylxanthone-8-carboxylic acid (38) | H1N1 (IC50 ≥ 200 µM); HSV-1 (IC50 = 183.3 µM); HSV-2 (IC50 ≥ 200 µM) | ||
| 2,4-Dichloro-1,6-dihydroxy-3-methylxanthone-8-carboxylic acid (39) | H1N1 (IC50 ≥ 200 µM); HSV-1 (IC50 = 144.4 µM); HSV-2 (IC50 ≥ 200 µM) | ||
| Methyl-(l,6-dihydroxy-3-methylxanthone)-8-carboxylate (40) | H1N1 (IC50 = 140.4 µM); HSV-1 (IC50 = 75.7 µM); HSV-2 (IC50 = 95.4 µM) | ||
| 2-Hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methoxy-3-methyl-9H-xanthen-9- one (41) | H1N1 (A/PuertoRico/8/34) (IC50 = 4.70 ± 1.11 µM); H1N1 (A/FM-1/1/47) (IC50 = 4.04 ± 0.58 µM) | Aspergillus sydowii (SCSIO 41.301) isolated from Phakellia fusca | [90] |
| 2-Hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8-dimethoxy-3-methyl-9H- xanthen-9-one (42) | H1N1 (A/PuertoRico/8/34) (IC50 = 2.17 ± 1.39 µM) | ||
| Sterigmatocystin A (110) | HSV-2 (IC50 = 47.11 µM) | Aspergillus versicolor (15XS43ZD-1) strain was isolated from sponge collected from Xisha Islands, China | [91] |
| Sterigmatocystin B (111) | HSV-2 (IC50 = 39.45 µM) | ||
| Sterigmatocystin C (112) | HSV-2 (IC50 = 38.73 µM) | ||
| Asperxanthone (113) | Tobacco mosaic virus: inhibitory rate 62.9% | Aspergillus sp. collected in Quan-Zhou Gulf | [92] |
| Epiremisporine B (121) | EV71 (IC50 = 19.8 μM); H3N2 (IC50 = 24.1 μM) | Penicillium sp. (SCSIO Ind16F01) isolated from sediment collected in the Indian Ocean | [47] |
| Penicillixanthone A (154) | HIV-1 (SF162) (10 μM, 90.86 ± 0.82%); HIV-1 (CCR5-tropic) (IC50 = 0.36 µM); HIV-1 (CXCR4-tropic) (IC50 = 0.26 µM) | Aspergillus fumigates isolated from a jellyfish | [93] |
EV71: Enterovirus 71; H1N1: Influenza A virus subtype H1N1; H3N2: Influenza A virus subtype H3N2; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; IC50: Half maximal inhibitory concentration; RT: Reverse-transcriptase.