Table 5.
Preparation of whole A. nodosum biomass samples, with extraction methods and conditions employed to obtain the different A. nodosum extracts.
| A. nodosum Sample | Extraction Method 1 | Solvent 1 | Conditions 1 | Optimised for Targeted Bioactives |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANWB-F ANWB-N |
N/A | N/A | Oven-dried at 50 °C for 9 days and milled to 1 mm particle size | N/A |
| Conventional extraction methods | ||||
| ANWE | solvent extraction | water | Room temperature (20 °C) 24 h 20 mL solvent/g seaweed Stirring at 170 rpm |
crude |
| ANEE | solvent extraction | 80% ethanol 20% water |
Room temperature (20 °C) 24 h 10 mL solvent/g seaweed Stirring at 170 rpm |
polyphenols |
| Hydrothermal-assisted extraction methodology | ||||
| ANE1 | HAE | 0.1 M HCl | 120 °C 62.1 min 30 mL solvent/g seaweed |
Fucoidan |
| ANE2 | HAE | 0.1 M HCl | 99.3 °C 30 min 21.3 mL solvent/g seaweed |
Laminarin |
| ANE3 | HAE | 0.1 M HCl | 120 °C 76.06 min 10 mL solvent/g seaweed |
Antioxidant activity |
| ANE4 | HAE | 0.1 M HCl | 120 °C 80.9 min 12.02 mL solvent/g seaweed |
For laminarin, fucoidan and antioxidant activity |
ANWB-F, whole A. nodosum biomass sample harvested in February; ANWB-N, whole A. nodosum biomass sample harvested in November; ANWE, A. nodosum water extract; ANEE, A. nodosum ethanol extract; ANE1–4, A. nodosum extract 1–4; HAE, hydrothermal-assisted extraction; N/A, not applicable. 1 Extraction methods and conditions as described by Tierney et al. [69] and Garcia-Vaquero et al. [26].