Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants, overall and by LVRR.
| Overall N = 527 |
LVRR N = 224 |
No LVRR N = 303 |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 60 (51–71) | 58 (49–68) | 64 (54–72) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 385 (73.1) | 161 (71.9) | 224 (73.9) | 0.60 |
| Risk factors and comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 287 (54.5) | 133 (59.4) | 154 (50.8) | 0.051 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 172 (32.6) | 69 (30.8) | 103 (34.0) | 0.440 |
| Dyslipidemia | 227 (43.0) | 92 (41.1) | 135 (44.6) | 0.425 |
| COPD | 89 (16.9) | 43 (19.2) | 46 (15.2) | 0.224 |
| Hemodynamics | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 120 (110–136) | 120 (108–140) | 120 (110–135) | 0.486 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 72 (64–80) | 73 (63–80) | 72 (65–80) | 0.835 |
| Blood tests | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 13.6 (12.3–14.7) | 13.7 (12.4–14.8) | 13.6 (12.3–14.7) | 0.319 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 67.8 (48–94.7) | 74.5 (52–97.7) | 64.7 (46–90) | 0.034 |
| NT-proBNP (ng/L) | 1201 (434–2937) | 840 (341–2207) | 1446 (543–3476) | 0.001 |
| HF aetiology | ||||
| IDC | 206 (39.1) | 82 (36.6) | 124 (40.9) | 0.37 |
| Hypertensive | 65 (12.3) | 27 (12.1) | 38 (12.5) | 0.87 |
| Alcoholic | 69 (13.1) | 45 (20.1) | 24 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Drug-induced | 23 (4.4) | 12 (5.4) | 11 (3.6) | 0.34 |
| Valvular | 72 (13.7) | 21 (9.4) | 51 (16.8) | 0.01 |
| Other a | 92 (17.5) | 37 (16.5) | 55 (18.2) | 0.63 |
| HF characteristics | ||||
| HF duration (months) | 9 (2–52) | 3 (1–19) | 21 (3–69) | <0.001 |
| III-IV NYHA class | 137 (26.0) | 47 (21.0) | 90 (30.0) | 0.022 |
| Initial iLVEDD (mm) | 35.2 (32–38) | 34.8 (32–42) | 35.6 (32–40) | 0.124 |
| Initial LVEF (%) | 27 (22–32) | 25 (20–30) | 28 (23–33) | <0.001 |
| Electrocardiogram | ||||
| Sinus rhythm | 385 (73.1) | 173 (77.2) | 212 (70.0) | 0.063 |
| Absence of LBBB | 408 (77.4) | 191 (85.2) | 217 (71.6) | <0.001 |
| QRS complex (ms) | 120 (80–145) | 100 (80–120) | 120 (90–160) | <0.001 |
| Devices | ||||
| ICD | 64 (12.0) | 23 (10.0) | 41 (13.0) | 0.10 |
| CRT | 49 (9.3) | 19 (8.5) | 30 (9.9) | 0.738 |
| Pharmacotherapies | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 505 (95.8) | 215 (96.0) | 290 (95.7) | 0.877 |
| Betablocker | 484 (91.8) | 211 (94.0) | 273 (90.0) | 0.089 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 350 (66.4) | 145 (64.7) | 205 (67.7) | 0.482 |
| Diuretics | 478 (90.7) | 207 (92.4) | 271 (89.4) | 0.246 |
Data presented as number (%) for categorical variables, and as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables. a Including non-compaction cardiomyopathy, tachycardiomyopathy, and other causes. Abbreviations: ACEI/ARB: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor antagonists; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT = cardiac resynchronization therapy; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF = heart failure; ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; IDC = idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy; iLVEDD = indexed left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LBBB = left bundle branch block; LVEF = left ventricle ejection fraction; LVRR = left ventricular reverse remodelling; NTproBNP = N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA = New York Heart Association; SBP = systolic blood pressure.