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. 2022 Jan 3;13(1):80. doi: 10.3390/mi13010080

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Schematic illustration of the high-definition single-cell printing (HD-SCP) system. (b) Schematic illustration of controlled spheroid formation with HD-SCP. (c–e) The size of the spheroids can be precisely controlled by the initial number of the printed single cells. (f) Multicellular spheroids formed by printing multiple cell types with different cell ratios. (g) Schematic illustration of dynamically controlled spheroid formation with HS-SCP. (h) Bioprinting multicellular Janus spheroids. Scale bars: 100 μm for (c) upper, and 200 μm for (c) lower, (e,f,h). Reproduced with permission from [116].