Table 2.
Frequencies and percentages for parent and child characteristics, plans to vaccinate child against COVID-19, and factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptability by race/ethnicity.
| Total Sample (n = 400) |
Non-Hispanic Asian (n = 100) | Non-Hispanic Black (n = 100) | Hispanic/ Latinx (n = 100) |
Non-Hispanic White (n = 100) | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Parent age, M (SD) | 35.83 (7.70) | 36.13 (5.74) | 35.90 (8.02) | 33.91 (7.24) | 37.37 (9.10) | 0.01 * |
| Education | 0.25 | |||||
| Did not attend college | 107 (26.8%) | 19% | 30% | 29% | 29% | |
| Some college or higher | 293 (73.3%) | 81% | 70% | 71% | 71% | |
| Annual household income | <0.001 * | |||||
| Less than $20,000 | 156 (39%) | 31% | 52% | 31% | 42% | |
| Between $20,000 and $50,999 | 178 (44.5%) | 43% | 41% | 54% | 40% | |
| Between $51,000 and $79,999 | 49 (12.3%) | 15% | 4% | 14% | 16% | |
| Preferred not to answer | 17 (4.3%) | 11% | 3% | 1% | 2% | |
| Financial security | 0.04 | |||||
| Cannot make ends meet | 90 (22.5%) | 15% | 32% | 21% | 22% | |
| Have just enough or comfortable | 310 (77.5%) | 85% | 68% | 79% | 78% | |
| Region of residence | 0.23 | |||||
| Northeast | 66 (16.5%) | 14% | 13% | 15% | 24% | |
| Midwest | 132 (33%) | 34% | 34% | 36% | 28% | |
| South | 110 (27.5%) | 23% | 35% | 25% | 27% | |
| West | 92 (23%) | 29% | 18% | 24% | 21% | |
| Parent vaccination status | <0.001 * | |||||
| No | 173 (43.3%) | 23% | 56% | 42% | 52% | |
| Yes | 227 (56.8%) | 77% | 44% | 58% | 48% | |
| Parent previously tested for COVID-19 | 0.15 | |||||
| No | 191 (47.8%) | 53% | 46% | 39% | 53% | |
| Yes | 209 (52.3%) | 47% | 54% | 61% | 47% | |
| Child’s age,M (SD) | 7.66 (1.70) | 7.88 (1.59) | 7.81 (1.72) | 7.81 (1.73) | 7.14 (1.67) | <0.001 * |
| 5 to 7 years old | 194 (48.5%) | 44% | 43% | 40% | 67% | |
| 8 to 10 years old | 206 (51.5%) | 56% | 57% | 60% | 33% | |
| Child’s gender | 0.16 | |||||
| Male | 214 (53.5) | 44% | 54% | 62% | 54% | |
| Female | 185 (46.3) | 55% | 46% | 38% | 46% | |
| Gender nonbinary | 1 (0.3) | 1% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| Child previously tested for COVID-19 | 0.44 | |||||
| No | 200 (50%) | 58% | 46% | 45% | 51% | |
| Yes | 196 (49%) | 42% | 52% | 54% | 48% | |
| I don’t know | 4 (1%) | 0% | 2% | 1% | 1% | |
| Child previously had COVID-19 | 0.03 * | |||||
| No | 437 (86.8%) | 94% | 89% | 81% | 83% | |
| Yes | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
| I don’t know | 54 (13.3%) | 6% | 11% | 18% | 17% | |
| Plans to vaccinate child against COVID-19 | <0.001 * | |||||
| No or probably not | 138 (34.5%) | 22% | 34% | 32% | 50% | |
| Unsure | 99 (24.8%) | 16% | 35% | 23% | 25% | |
| Yes or probably will | 163 (40.8%) | 62% | 31% | 45% | 25% | |
| COVID-19 misconceptions | 0.04 * | |||||
| M (SD) | 1.47 (1.65) | 1.41 (1.78) | 1.29 (1.48) | 1.40 (1.40) | 1.77 (1.88) | |
| More COVID-19 misconceptions | 29 (7.2%) | 8% | 5% | 3% | 13% | |
| Less COVID-19 misconceptions | 371 (92.8%) | 92% | 95% | 97% | 87% | |
| Child’s susceptibility to COVID-19 | 0.01 * | |||||
| M (SD) | 4.06 (1.33) | 4.37 (1.15) | 4.10 (1.31) | 4.25 (1.31) | 3.51 (1.41) | |
| Greater perceived susceptibility | 317 (79.3%) | 88% | 76% | 84% | 69% | |
| Less perceived susceptibility | 83 (20.8%) | 12% | 24% | 16% | 31% | |
| Severity of childhood COVID-19 infection | 0.02 * | |||||
| M (SD) | 3.87 (1.06) | 4.05 (.93) | 3.86 (1.19) | 4.07 (1.01) | 3.51 (1.01) | |
| Greater perceived severity | 317 (79.3%) | 86% | 80% | 82% | 69% | |
| Less perceived severity | 83 (20.8%) | 14% | 20% | 18% | 31% | |
| General vaccine mistrust | 0.01 * | |||||
| M (SD) | 3.17 (1.24) | 2.81 (1.20) | 3.38 (1.13) | 3.32 (1.34) | 3.18 (1.23) | |
| Greater vaccine mistrust | 211 (52.8%) | 39% | 62% | 59% | 51% | |
| Less vaccine mistrust | 189 (47.3%) | 61% | 38% | 41% | 49% | |
| Safety and efficacy of pediatric COVID-19 vaccine | 0.13 | |||||
| M (SD) | 3.96 (1.19) | 4.27 (1.05) | 3.82 (1.18) | 4.00 (1.25) | 3.76 (1.200) | |
| Greater perceived safety and efficacy | 322 (80.5%) | 88% | 77% | 81% | 76% | |
| Less perceived safety and efficacy | 78 (19.5%) | 12% | 23% | 19% | 24% | |
| Community support for pediatric COVID-19 vaccination | 0.04 * | |||||
| M (SD) | 3.26 (0.94) | 3.50 (0.99) | 3.22 (0.83) | 3.33 (0.96) | 2.99 (0.93) | |
| Greater perceived community support | 315 (78.8%) | 85% | 81% | 80% | 69% | |
| Less perceived community support | 85 (21.3%) | 15% | 19% | 20% | 31% | |
| FDA approval influence on vaccination decision | 0.003 * | |||||
| M (SD) | 3.99 (1.70) | 4.58 (1.49) | 3.89 (1.66) | 3.99 (1.68) | 3.50 (1.79) | |
| Greater influence of FDA approval | 261 (65.3%) | 79% | 63% | 65% | 54% | |
| Less influence of FDA approval | 139 (34.8%) | 21% | 37% | 35% | 46% | |
| Physician influence on vaccination decision | 0.001 * | |||||
| M (SD) | 3.88 (1.69) | 4.42 (1.58) | 3.62 (1.66) | 4.00 (1.65) | 3.46 (1.72) | |
| Greater influence of physician recommendation | 250 (62.5%) | 77% | 57% | 65% | 51% | |
| Less influence of physician recommendation | 150 (37.5%) | 23% | 43% | 35% | 49% | |
Note. Statistical tests: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for parent age; Chi-square tests of independence for all other variables. * indicates significance above p < 0.05.