Table 4.

Some studies considering medicinal plants, as described in this mini review.

Medicinal Plants	Effective Dose, Intake Duration, and Form of Plant Material	Effects of Consumption in In Vivo Models (Level of Change)	Source
Morus alba L. White mulberry	20 mg/100 g b.w./d|5 w|leaf extract	R: FBG reduction (5%)	[19]
	0.8 g and 1.2 g|single dose|leaf powder enriched with DNJ (1.5%)	H: PPG60min, PPG90min inhibition, insulin secretion inhibition	[99]
	100 mL (1 g of leaves)|tea	R: inhibition of α- glucosidase activity	[100]
	400 mg/kg b.w.|7 w|fruits (polysaccharides)	R: FBG reduction (31.9–47.5%), FSI reduction (3.41–4.19 mIU/L), OGTT reduction (18.12–19.30)	[101]
	6 g/kg b.w.|28 d|leaves with oat bran (1:1)	M: FBG reduction, PPG60min reduction, aspartate transaminase inhibition, alanine transaminase inhibition	[102]
	20 mg and 40 mg and 80 mg/kg|4 w|DNJ extracted from leaves	M: BG reduction, b.w. reduction, SI reduction, HOMA-IR index reduction	[55]
	30 mg/kg b.w.|4 w|morin from leaves	R: downregulation of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway, BG reduction (69.42%)	[56]
	600 mg/kg b.w./d|6 w| ethanolic leaf extract or leaf powder	R: FBG reduction, TC reduction, TG reduction, LDL reduction; leaf powder more effective than leaf extract	[91]
	2 g/kg b.w./d|4 w|leaf extract	R: FBG reduction, OGTT reduction, HOMA-IR reduction, TC reduction, TG reduction, LDL reduction, insulin resistance improved	[97]
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Fenugreek	50 mg/d|30 d|seed powder solution	H: TC reduction (13.6%), TG reduction (23,53%), LDL reduction (23,4%), HDL improved (21.7%)	[1]
	50 mg/kg b.w./d|6 d|4-hydroxyisoleucine	R: BG reduction (from 163.5 mg/dL to 143.6 mg/dL), FSI reduction (from 1.96 ng/mL to 1.52 ng/mL), glucose tolerance improved	[58]
	0.25 g and 0.5 g/kg b.w./d|14 d|ethanolic seeds extract	R: serum glucose reduction (similar to glibenclamide effect), TG reduction, TC reduction, b.w. reduction (5.5% and 9.5%)	[118]
	100 mg/kg b.w./d|4 w|fenugreek extract	R: BG reduction, level of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) reduction, TG reduction	[20]
	500 mg/d|30 d or 60 d or 90 d|seed extract enriched with 40% furostanolic saponins	H: FBG reduction (6.69%, 10.31%, 21.98%); PPG60min (13.7%, 20.6%, 30.4%); HbA1c reduction	[119]
	1000 mg/d|12 w|seed extract	H: FBG reduction (24.62%), HbA1c reduction (9.38%); TC reduction (5.66%), TG reduction (17.23%), LDL reduction (4.15%)	[120]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum J.Presl Ceylon cinnamon	5 mg and 10 mg and 20 mg/kg b.w./d|45 d |cinnamaldehyde	R: BG reduction (60.8, 139.3 and 219.0 mg/dL)	[62]
	200 mg/kg b.w./w|4 w|ethanolic extract	R: BG reduction (from 257 mg/dL to 122.9 mg/dL), HbA1c reduction (2.51%)	[129]
	1 g/d|90 d| cinnamon supplement	H: PPG90min reduced to 224 mg/dL (with cinnamon) vs. reduced to 270 mg/dL (without cinnamon)	[130]
	3000 mg/d|8 w|cinnamon powder	H: SI reduction (by 12.87 mIU/L), FBG reduction (by 0.45 mg/dL)	[131]
Zingiber officinale Rosc. Ginger	25 mg and 50 mg and 100 mg and 200 mg/kg b.w./d|single dose|aqueous extract	R: edemas reduction, NOx reduction similar to indomethacin	[66]
	4 mL/kg b.w./d|6 w|ginger juice	R: flattening BG curve, flattening the insulinemia curve	[148]
	100–500 mg/kg b.w./d|30 d|aqueous ginger extract	R: activity of glycolytic enzymes improved	[149]
	200 mg/kg b.w./d|30 d|ethanolic ginger extract	R: reversed hyperglycaemia, activity of extra-mitochondrial and intra-mitochondrial enzymes improved	[150]
	1800 mg/d|8w|dried ginger	H: BMI reduction (0.54 kg/m2), HbA1c (1.11%), FBG (51.15 mg/dL), FSI (7.88 mIU/L), TC (31.10 mg/dL), LDL (17.70 mg/dL)	[154]
	2 g/d|12 w|ginger powder	H: FBG reduction (19,41 mg/dL); HbA1c reduction (0.77%); apolipoprotein B reduction (12.45 mg/dL)	[155]
	3 g/d|12 w|ginger powder	H: serum glucose reduction (19.41 mg/dL), HbA1c (0.77%), SI reduction (1.46 µIU/mL), insulin resistance reduction (16.38); high-sensitive CRP reduction (2.78 mg/dL)	[156]
	2 g/d|8 w|ginger powder	H: SI reduction (13µU/mL), LDL reduction (13.7%), TG reduction (11.7%), HOMA-IR reduction (8.1%)	[157]
Phaseolus vulgaris L. Common bean	200 mg and 400 mg/kg b.w./d|28 d|aqueous ginger extract	R: GLUT-4 in skeletal muscles increase	[164]
	100 mg/kg b.w./d|2 w or 4 w|cooked common bean	R: FBG reduction (25% or 35%)	[163]
	50 mg and 100 mg and 200 mg and 250 mg/kg b.w./d|40 d|aqueous bean extract	R: FBG reduction (25% or 50%), TC reduction, TG reduction	[165]
	300 mg/kg b.w./d|single dose|bean	R: dose of glibenclamide reduction to improve glycaemia	[166]
Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer Ginseng	1500–3000 mg/d|8 w|vinegar ginseng extract	H: HbA1c reduction (0.29–0.56%), FBG reduction (6.76–21.4 mg/dL) compared to placebo	[187]
	2 capsules/d|8 w|30% of hydrolyzed ginseng extract	H: FBG reduction, PPG60min	[188]
	2.7 g/d|4 w|fermented ginseng	H: PPG120min reduction (17.2%), glucose curve flattened (27.4%), no effect on FBG	[189]
	6 g/d|12 w|ginseng	H: no effect on SI level, no effect on insulin sensitivity	[190]
	6 g/d|8 w|ginseng	H: obesity level reduced	[191]

W—weeks, d—days, R—rats, M—mice, H—humans, Rb—rabbits, b.w.—body weight, NOx—nitrogen oxides.