Table 3.
Level of stress (mean ± SD) estimated by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).
| WP (N = 344) |
RW (N = 639) |
NW (N = 976) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (±SD) | |||
| Overall level of stress (Perceived Stress Scale; PSS) (AU) | 21.5 ± 7.1 | 21.5 ± 7.2 | 22.6 ± 7.5 **,## |
| 1. Been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly (AU) | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.0 * |
| 2. Felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life (AU) | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.2 *,### |
| 3. Felt nervous and “stressed” (AU) | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 1.0 |
| 4. Felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems (AU) | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.0 ***,## |
| 5. Felt that things were going your way (AU) | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.9 ***,## |
| 6. Found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do (AU) | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.1 **,## |
| 7. Been able to control irritations in your life (AU) | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 1.0 * |
| 8. Felt that you were on top of things (AU) | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.9 ± 1.0 * |
| 9. Been angered because of things that were outside of your control (AU) | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.1 # |
| 10. Felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them (AU) | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.2 ***,## |
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 WR vs. NW. # p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001 WP vs. NW. AU: arbitrary units.