Table 2.
Comparison between patients according to their glucose breath-test results at 6 months post-surgery a.
| Variable b | SIBO Positive (n = 10) | SIBO Negative (n = 17) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 41.0 ± 9.9 | 48.3 ± 12.8 | 0.133 |
| Sex (%female) | 80 | 41.2 | 0.107 |
| Medication (%) | |||
| Drugs for diabetes | 0 | 0 | NR |
| Drugs for dyslipidemia | 0 | 5.9 | 1.000 |
| Drugs for Hypertension | 0 | 17.6 | 0.274 |
| Anti-aggregates | 0 | 5.9 | 1.000 |
| Drugs for hypothyroidism | 0 | 5.9 | 1.000 |
| Anti-acids | 20 | 35.3 | 0.666 |
| Drugs for depression | 10 | 0 | 0.370 |
| Bypass length (cm) | 175.0 ± 26.4 | 175.3 ± 19.7 | 0.976 |
| Anthropometric measurements | |||
| Weight (kg) | 87.2 ± 15.2 | 93.7 ± 23.8 | 0.449 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.0 ± 5.4 | 31.2 ± 6.1 | 0.755 |
| WC (cm) | 97.2 ± 9.3 | 102.3 ± 16.2 | 0.370 |
| NC (cm) | 33.3 ± 3.2 | 35.5 ± 4.0 | 0.158 |
| %EWL | 64.8 ± 19.6 | 69.4 ± 22.5 | 0.600 |
| Lifestyle | |||
| Smoking (%yes) | 10 | 5.9 | 1.000 |
| Physical Activity (%yes) | 80 | 82.4 | 1.000 |
| Physical Activity (h/week) | 2.7 ± 2.3 | 2.9 ± 2.4 | 0.766 |
| Dietary intake | |||
| Calories (kcal/day) | 1192.9 ± 471.6 | 1908.4 ± 704.1 | 0.009 |
| Protein (g/day) | 65.1 ± 26.9 | 101.3 ± 42.2 | 0.023 |
| Carbohydrates (g/day) | 113.6 ± 52.9 | 175.1 ± 77.3 | 0.036 |
| Fats (g/day) | 49.2 ± 19.3 | 82.1 ± 41.8 | 0.028 |
| Percent of food intake compared to before surgery | 33.5 ± 13.1 | 28.8 ± 13.1 | 0.414 |
| No. of dietitian appointments after surgery | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 4.6 ± 4.4 | 0.675 |
| Participation in support group after surgery (%) | 10 | 17.6 | 1.000 |
| Supplementation (%) | |||
| Multivitamin | 90 | 94.1 | 1.000 |
| Calcium | 60 | 64.7 | 1.000 |
| Vitamin D | 70 | 94.1 | 0.128 |
| Vitamin B12 | 60 | 82.4 | 0.365 |
| Iron | 10 | 29.4 | 0.363 |
| Folic Acid | 0 | 11.8 | 0.516 |
| Biochemical tests | |||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.2 ± 0.4 | 13.2 ± 1.5 | 0.928 |
| %anemia (<13.5(male), <12(female)) |
20 | 35.3 | 0.666 |
| MCV (fL) | 88.1 ± 3.2 | 84.9 ± 5.8 | 0.116 |
| %low values (<80) | 0 | 17.6 | 0.274 |
| %high values (>95) | 0 | 0 | NR |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 33.7 ± 0.7 | 33.7 ± 0.7 | 0.891 |
| %low values (<33) | 10 | 11.8 | 1.000 |
| %high values (>37) | 0 | 0 | NR |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 0.967 |
| %hypoalbuminemia (<3.5) | 10 | 0 | 0.370 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 0.994 |
| %low values (<6.3) | 0 | 0 | NR |
| Iron (µg/dL) | 75.9 ± 13.4 | 83.3 ± 30.0 | 0.470 |
| %deficiency (<49(male), <37(female)) |
0 | 5.9 | 1.000 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 98.9 ± 80.4 | 187.0 ± 137.2 | 0.077 |
| %deficiency (<22(male), <10(female)) |
0 | 0 | NR |
| Transferrin (mg/dL) | 249.8 ± 60.3 | 232.5 ± 53.7 | 0.477 |
| %low values (<220) | 20 | 35.3 | 0.666 |
| %high values (>400) | 0 | 0 | NR |
| Transferrin saturation (%) | 23.1 ± 6.5 | 28.3 ± 17.0 | 0.364 |
| %low values (<20) | 40 | 29.4 | 0.683 |
| Folate (ng/mL) | 8.4 ± 3.6 | 14.7 ± 5.5 | 0.003 |
| %deficiency (<2.76) | 0 | 0 | NR |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 442.1 ± 212.8 | 589.1 ± 214.6 | 0.097 |
| %deficiency (<239) | 10 | 0 | 0.370 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 25.5 ± 10.2 | 28.7 ± 10.4 | 0.444 |
| %insufficiency (<30) | 60 | 64.7 | 1.000 |
| %deficiency (<20) | 30 | 11.8 | 0.326 |
| Vitamin A (µg/dL) | 38.5 ± 12.9 | 44.9 ± 7.3 | 0.171 |
| %deficiency (<30) | 40 | 0 | 0.014 |
| Quality of life | |||
| VAS QoL | 77.5 ± 19.5 | 84.4 ± 9.2 | 0.317 |
| M-A QoLII score c | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 0.265 |
| M-A QoLII (%Good/Very good) d | 80 | 88.2 | 0.613 |
| GI symptoms (%) | |||
| ROME III score (%positive) e | 10 | 23.5 | 0.621 |
| Vomit | 0 | 0 | NR |
| Nausea | 20 | 23.5 | 1.000 |
| Regurgitation | 30 | 0 | 0.041 |
| Hiccups | 40 | 23.5 | 0.415 |
| Heartburn | 10 | 11.8 | 1.000 |
| Abdominal pain | 30 | 11.8 | 0.326 |
| Flatulence | 50 | 64.7 | 0.453 |
| Frequent soft stool | 50 | 17.6 | 0.102 |
| No. of feces per day | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 0.598 |
| ≥3 feces per day | 10 | 17.6 | 1.000 |
| Hair loss | 70 | 35.3 | 0.120 |
| PEI (%positive) f | 22.2 | 23.1 | 1.000 |
Abbreviations: body mass index (BMI), excess weight loss (EWL), gastrointestinal (GI), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell volume (MCV), Moorehead–Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II (M-A QoLII), neck circumference (NC), not relevant (NR), pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI), small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), visual analogue scale quality of life (VAS QoL), waist circumference (WC). a No significant differences were found between positive SIBO and negative SIBO groups at baseline. b Values expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise stated. c A 10-point Likert scale is used for scoring, and its total score ranges from −3 to +3 (very poor to very good quality of life). d Score of 1.1–2 equals “good quality of life”, and 2.1–3 equals “very good quality of life”. e Irritable Bowel Syndrome was considered present when abdominal pain occurred more than 2 to 3 days a month, relieved after defecation, was related to changes in form and frequency of defecation, and existed for 6 months or more. f n = 22, additional patient had FE1 test but not glucose breath-test.