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The biochemical process of DNA methylation and other enzymatic modifications at position 5 of a cytosine base. C, cytosine; 5mC, 5-methylcytosine and its oxidation products: 5hmC, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; 5fC, 5-formylcytosine and 5caC, 5-carboxycytosine; DNMT, DNA methylases; TET, The Ten-Eleven Translocation family of dioxygenases; SAM, S-Adenosylmethionine (methyl donor); SAH, S-Adenosylhomocysteine [47, 59, 61-63, 65, 67].
