Table 4.
Immobilization methods of nisin and antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
| Immobilization Method | Carrier/Support Material |
Crosslinking Agent or Initiator | Antimicrobial Property against | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covalent immobilization |
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG1000) | Hexamethylene diisocyanate |
E. coli,
P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, B. subtilis |
[176] |
| Polystyrene (PS) sheets | Atmospheric-pressure plasma | Gram-positive S. aureus and L. monocytogenes | [138] | |
| Poly(vinyl alcohol) films | Glutaric acid | Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli | [177] | |
| Sodium alginate/gelatin wet-spun porous fibers | GA | S. aureus | [4] | |
| N-succinyl chitosan films | EDC | S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, Pseudomonas tolaasii (P. tolaasii) | [178] | |
| Encapsulation | Silica xerogel | / | B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica | [168] |
| Bacterial cellulose nanocrystals | / | L. rhamnosus LBM1 | [151] | |
| Chitosan nanoparticles | / |
E. coli and S. aureus |
[171] | |
| Ca-alginate microparticles | / | Brochothrix thermosphacta (B. thermosphacta) 7R1 | [172] | |
| Pectin-chitosan microcapsules | / | S. aureus, weak bactericidal effect on E. coli under acidic conditions | [165] | |
| Alginate-starch microcapsules | / | Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici) UL5 | [173] | |
| Chitosan-alginate microparticles | / | N/A | [175] | |
| Chitosan-poly-γ-glutamic acid nanoparticles | / | E. coli and L. monocytogenes | [179] | |
| Phosphatidylcholine liposomes containing chitosan or chondroitin sulfate | / | L. monocytogenes | [180] | |
| Soybean lecithin or Phospholipon® liposomes | / | L. monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) | [181] | |
| Co-encapsulation | Phosphatidylcholine (PC) nanoliposomes coated with pectin or polygalacturonic acid | / | L. monocytogens, Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) | [167] |
| Phosphatidylcholine (PC) nanoliposomes | / | L. monocytogenes, S. Enteritidis, E. coli and S. aureus | [164] | |
| Adsorption | Low density polyethylene films treated with acrylic acid | / | Listeria innocua (L. innocua) | [182] |
| Montmorillonite suspension | / | E. faecium C1 | [183] | |
| Polyethylene oxide brush layers | / | N/A | [169] | |
| HGFI (class I hydrophobin)-coated polystyrene films | / | S. aureus | [9] | |
| ZnAl layered double hydroxides nanohybrids | / | N/A | [184] | |
| Co-culture fermentation |
None | S. aureus, E. coli | [153] | |
| Entrapment | Polyethylene oxide brush layer | / | Pediococcus pentosaceous (P. pentosaceous) | [185] |
| PET (polyethylene terephthalate) woven fabrics with thin alginate coating | / | S. aureus | [186] | |
| Poly-ethylene-co-vinyl acetate films | / | Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) ATCC 35984, S. aureus 815 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 | [187] | |
| Guar gum gel (biogel) | / | Canine oral enterococci collection (including E. faecalis and E. faecium) |
[188] |