Table 1.

General application of fungal enzymes in different fields.

Application	Field	Fungal Name	Enzyme Name	Enzyme Use	Ref.
Industries	Food and beverage	Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus oryzae CCT 3940, and Fusariumculmorum ASP-87	l-asparaginases	Reduce the acrylamide formation in potato chips or French fries, bakery products, and coffee by degradation of l-asparagine	[7,8,9]
		Myceliophthora thermophilia	Laccases	Dough conditioner	[10]
		Aspergillus niger DFR-5	Xylanases	Improve yield and clarity of pineapple juice	[11]
		Aspergillus niger	Pectinases	Improve the quantity of the extracted Orange juice	[12]
		Talaromyces leycettanus	Pectinases	Efficiency in pectin degradation from grape juice	[13]
	Pulp and paper	Pycnoporus cinnabarinus	Laccases	Improve the brightness and strength properties of the pulp	[14]
		Trametes villosa	Laccases	Internal sizing of paper by use of laccase and hydrophobic compounds	[15]
		Trichoderma reesei QM9414	Xylanases	Eco-friendly of biobleaching of Kraft pulp of sugarcane straw	[16]
		Trichoderma viride VKF-3, Fusariumequiseti MF-3, and Aspergillus japonicus MF-1	Cellulases, xylanases, laccases, and lipases	Treatment enhances the brightness, deinking and reduces the heavy metals in the newspaper pulp	[17]
		Rhizopus oryzae MUCL 28168 and Fusarium solani	Tannases	Detoxification of coffee pulp by reduction of caffeine and tannins	[18]
		Aspergillus niger, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus	Feruloyl esterases, Mn2+-oxidizing peroxidases, and laccases	Decrease the final lignin content of flax pulp and improvement of pulp brightness	[19]
	Textile	Aspergillus niger CKB and Trichoderma reesei ATCC 24449	Cellulases	Textile waste hydrolysis for recovery of glucose and polyester	[20,21]
		Trichoderma longibrachiatum KT693225	Xylanases	Desizing, bioscouring, and biofinishing of cellulosic fabrics (textile) without adding any additives	[22]
		Aspergillus	Amylases	Desizing of cotton fibers by removal of starch from the surface of textile fibers	[23]
		Candida orthopsilosis	Pectinases	Bioscouring of cotton fibers	[24]
		Aspergillus niger and Penicillium	Glucose oxidases and catalases	Removal of hydrogen peroxide from cotton bioprocessing	[25]
		Chaetomium globosum IMA1	Lignin peroxidases laccases and manganese peroxidases	Decolorization of the industrial textile effluent	[26]
Environment	Biodegradation	Irpex lacteus and Pleurotusostreatus	Manganese-peroxidases and laccases	Biodegradation of chlorhexidine and octenidine as antimicrobial compounds used in oral careproducts	[27]
		Marasmius sp.	Laccases	Degrade lignin by oxidizing the phenolic and non-phenolic compounds to produce dimers, oligomers, and polymers	[28]
		Mucor circinelloides	Lipases, laccases, and peroxidases	Biodegradation of diesel oil hydrocarbons	[29]
	Bioremediation	Penicillium sp.	Enzymatic reduction by the mer operon	The fungal enzyme could detoxify mercury (II) by extracellular sequestration via adsorption and precipitation	[30]
		Coriolopsis gallica	Laccases	Bioremediation of pollutants such as bisphenol, diclofenac, and 17-a-ethinylestradiol in real samples from the AQUIRIS wastewater	[31]
		Aspergillus flavus FS4 and Aspergillus fumigates FS6	Extracellular enzymes	Fungal consortium used for removal of chromium and cadmium	[32]
		Pycnoporus sanguineus	Laccases	Fugal laccase was immobilized on calcium and copper alginate/chitosan beads and used for the removal of 17 a-ethinylestradiol	[33]
		Thermomyces lanuginosus	Chitinases	Biocontrol agent against larvae of Eldana saccharina and fungi of Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., and Fusarium verticillioides	[34]
	Decolorization	Phanerochaete chrysosporium CDBB 686	Ligninolytic enzymes	Decolorization of Congo red, Poly R-478, and Methyl green	[35]
		Geotrichum candidum	Peroxidases and laccases	Decolorization of methyl orange, Congo red, trypan blue, and Eriochrome black T	[36]
		Coprinopsis cinerea	Laccases	High indigo dye decolorization	[37]
		Trametes sp. SYBC-L4	Laccases	Decolorization of Congo red, aniline blue, and indigo carmine	[38]
		Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Manganese peroxidase	Decolorization of AO7 or CV pigment	[39]
Biomedical	Antimicrobial	32 different isolated fungi identified by morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis	Amylases, proteases, pectinases, xylanases, cellulases, chitinases, and lipases	Antimicrobial activity against pathogenic organisms by agar diffusion assays	[40]
		Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus flavipes	Proteases	Production of bioactive peptides from bovine and goat milk and the generated peptides tested against bacteria and fungi	[41]
		Trichoderma harzianum	Chitinases	Degradation of chitosan to form chitosan-oligosaccharides and used as antimicrobial against pathogenic organisms	[42]
	Anticancer	Trichoderma viride AUMC 13021	Chitinases	Antitumor efficiency of chitinase against different types of cancer cell line	[43]
		Trichoderma harzianum	Chitinases	Chitosan-oligosaccharides used as anticancer compounds, which inhibited the growth of cervical cancer cells at concentration of 4 mg/mL and significantly reduced the survival rate of the cells	[42]
		Aspergillus terreus	l-asparaginases	The synthesized zinc oxide conjugated l-asparaginase nanobiocomposite on MCF-7 cell line using MTT assay	[44]
	Antioxidant	Aspergillus flavus	Catalases	Antioxidant system plays a crucial role in fungal development, aflatoxins biosynthesis, and virulence	[45]
		Pleurotus columbinus, P. foridanus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Paecilomyces variotii	Peroxidases and catalases	Production of enzymatic antioxidant from peels of banana, pomegranate, and orange	[46]
		Chytridiomycetes sp.	Ligninases	During biodegradation of lignin, the fungi synthesize bioactive compounds such as mycophenolic acid, dicerandrol C, phenyl acetates, anthrax quinones, benzo furans, and alkenyl phenols that have antioxidant activities	[47,48]