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. 2022 Jan 8;15(2):468. doi: 10.3390/ma15020468

Table 3.

Demographic and study design data of the incorporated manuscripts.

Study Method Used for Shade Match Materials Used Type of Room Light Main
Outcome		 Main Results
Jorquera, 2021

  1. Shade guide Table

  2. Digital camera and cross-polarizing filter.

  3. Smartphone with a light-correcting device.

 Human tooth The room had ambient light between 5500 K and 6500 K.
The clothing of the volunteers was covered with a neutral color cloth.		 ΔE Digital shade choice using both a digital camera and a smartphone displayed a threshold within the adequate values (ΔE < 3.7).
Visual shade choice displayed an average ∆E above the level for acceptable values (ΔE > 3.7).
Mahn, 2021

  1. Shade guide tab.

  2. Digital camera with a cross-polarized filter.

  3. Spectrophotometer

 Human tooth The room had ambient light between 5500 K and 6500 K.
The clothing of the volunteers was covered with a neutral color cloth.		 ΔE No statistically significant differences within digital images and spectrophotometer.
The visual shade process led to enormous variances compared to the other approaches beneath study.
Sampaio, 2019

  1. Digital camera with ring flash or a dual-point rigid flash bracket.

  2. Cross-polarizing filter attached to a close-up flash.

  3. iPhone 7.

 Human tooth For comparison, the measurements were made in the same spots. ΔE Using a cross-polarizing filter consequences in more color-standardized photographs; however, using an iPhone 7 and a ring flash system resulted in fewer standardized pictures.
Zekonis, 2002

  1. Colorimeter

  2. Shade guide

  3. Color slide photography

 Human tooth Non-specified ΔE At-home (10% carbamide peroxide) treatment sides were meaningfully distinctive from the in-office (35% hydrogen peroxide) treatment sides through all active treatment stages and during follow-up visits conferring to all three color assessment approaches.
Matis, 2002

  1. Shade guide.

  2. Digital photographs

  3. Color-measuring device

 Human tooth Non-specified ΔE Shade guide and slide photography data displayed no meaningful variances between teeth lightened with agent with or without reservoirs.
Jarad, 2003

  1. Shade guides.

  2. Digital camera.

 Porcelain shade tabs All background lighting in the room was maintained at a consistent level for all sessions. (Colour temperature was set at 6500 K). CIELab The viewers’ shade-harmonizing performance was significantly improved using the computer method compared to the conventional one.
Matis, 2000

  1. Digital camera.

  2. Shade guide.

 Human tooth Non-specified CIELab and ΔE All three methods of evaluation revealed a significant difference in the tooth lightness.
Matis, 2000

  1. Digital camera.

  2. Shade guide.

 Human tooth Non-specified CIELab This study suggests that when a higher concentra-tion of carbamide peroxide was used, the further the lightness value and ΔE altered.
Gómez-Polo, 2014

  1. 3DMaster Toothguide (Vita-Zahnfabrik)

  2. Easy- Shade Compact (Vita-Zahnfabrik) spectrophotometer

 Human tooth Recordings were made under fluorescent tubes with daylight and an intensity of 1200–1500 lux, in the same room under standardized lighting conditions. Lightness Chroma Hue This research showed differences between the measurement of color using the spectrophotometry tool and the visual shade selection technique.
Kröger, 2015

  1. Spectrophotometer

  2. Visual color matching using a shade guide

 Human tooth A room with dimmed fluorescent ceiling light. CIELab The spectrophotometer provided higher reproducibility.
Wang, 2014

  1. Spectrophotometer

  2. Optimized and Vitapan Classical shade guide

 Human tooth Northern daylight CIELab and ΔE An optimized shade guide improved the performance of color selection
He, 2019

  1. Non-polarized photography

  2. Cross-polarization photography

  3. Spectrophotometer

 Human tooth Non-specified CIELab and ΔE Combining non-polarized photography, cross-polarization photography, and spectrophotometer approaches were considered reasonable for shade matching.
AlSaleh, 2012

  1. VITA classical shade guide (VITA Zahnfabrik gmbh, Bad Säckingen, Germany)

  2. Visual

 Human tooth A light grey wall in a room away from all windows. CIELab and ΔE Analysis using the spectrophotometric shade was considered more accurate in comparison to human shade evaluation.
Baharin, 2013

  1. Intraoral spectrophotometer machine

  2. Visual

 Human tooth Non-specified Accuracy This sudy revealed that for the anterior tooth, the patient’s position, lighting condition and number of readings acquired does impact the outcome of shade selection.
Bahannan, 2014

  1. Visual method using a Vita-3D Master system

  2. Spectrophotometer

 Human tooth Daylight Daylight illuminator (GTI Graphic Technology, NY, USA) The conventional visual method was significantly inferior compared to the shade assessment method device.
Chitrarsu, 2017

  1. Vita Toothguide 3D-Master

  2. Intraoral digital spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Advance 4.0)

 Natural dentitions Daylight, incandescent light, LED, and filtered LED. CIELab Vita Toothguide 3D-Master showed statistically important variances in shade matching in comparison to the intraoral digital spectrophotometer.
Da Silva, 2008

  1. Shade guide systems

  2. Instrument-based color matching using a new spectrophotometric system

 Tooth color for anterior metal ceramic restorations Under daylight and color temperature of 6500 °K. ΔE For anterior metal ceramic restorations, using a spectrophotometric method is an effective device for imitating and communicating the color of the tooth.
Hein, 2016

  1. A digital single-lens reflex camera.

 Extracted human teeth Non-specified CIELab and ΔE The use of a white balance reference card with acknowledged color coordinates can be suggested when diffusers are used for dental photography.
Miyajiwala, 2017

  1. Visual method

  2. Spectrophotometer

  3. Digital photography

 Human tooth Daylight CIELab Clinically, for shade selection, the use of the digital photography method can appear as a viable alternative to the use of spectrophotometric method.
Li, 2007

  1. Shade guide

  2. Shofu ShadeEye NCC colorimeter

 Human tooth Northern daylight CIELab The consistency of shade matching cannot be guaranteed by either the visual method or the colorimeter approach.
Pimentel, 2014

  1. Visual (classic shade guide)

  2. Instrumental methods (spectrophotometer)

 Natural tooth Controlled illumination Accuracy Shade match using the instrumental method presented more agreement than shade match using the visual method.
Okubo, 1998

  1. Vita Lumin shade guide teeth

  2. A computerized colorimeter

 Ceramic shade guide teeth Northern daylight CIELab and ΔE Color matching using the visual process is unpredictable. However, instrumental measurement of tooth color would deliver objective measured data to match the color of the natural teeth.
Olms, 2013

  1. VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer

 Ceramic veneer Ceiling lighting (Philips Master TLD 36 W) and a dental lamp (KaVo Dental GmbH, Germany). CIELab This study confirmed that worthy outcomes in terms of the repeatability and precision were obtained with the help of the VITA Easyshade measurements.
Paul, 2002

  1. Spectrophotometric assessment of tooth color visual determination

 Human tooth Light source (6500 K). ΔE Human shade assessment is less accurate and less reproducible when compared to spectrophotometric shade evaluation.
Schropp, 2008

  1. Digital photographs with graphic computer software

  2. Conventional visual matching

 Phantom head Daylight lamps with a color temperature of 4800 K. CIE LCh Digital photographs and computer software were significantly more trustworthy than conventional visual approach for shade-matching analysis.
Tung, 2010

  1. Digital camera in both automatic white balance (AWB) and custom white balance (CWB) under either light-emitting diode (LED) or electronic ring flash

 Ceramic disks The background lighting in the room was subdued and maintained at a constant level during the entire experiment. CIELab Digital images were more influenced by the illuminants and camera’s white balance setups when testing the reliability of color match.
Wee, 2002

  1. Vita Lumin/Vita VMK 68

  2. Vitapan 3D-Master/Vita Omega 900

  3. Shofu ShadeEye-EX/Vintage Halo

 Dental porcelain Color-corrected D65 lighting. CIELab The largest mean ∆E was noted for the Vitapan 3D-Master system, which was considerably distinct from the Vita Lumin and Shofu ShadeEye systems.
Yamanel, 2010

  1. Digital imaging

  2. Colorimeter

 Composite resin shade guides Two 6500-K fluorescent tubes were combined with two 2700 K fluorescent tubes. CIELab The mean ∆E values verified a statistically significant difference with the colorimeter method. However, there was no significant change when using the digital imaging approach.
Yilmaz, 2010

  1. Intraoral colorimeter (shadeeye NCC)

  2. Visual shade determination

 Metal ceramic Non-specified CIELab Color imitation using instrumental shade method for the specimens made of metal ceramic was less accurate when compared to the visual shade approach.
Lakhanpal, 2016

  1. Spectrophotometer

  2. Digital camera

  3. Digital camera with a polarizer

 Extracted non-carious premolars Dark room setup. CIELab A statistically important association was found to exist with the spectrophotometer and the polarization dental imaging modality for all CIE Lab color coordinates
Kelkar, 2020

  1. Canon 5D camera with ISO 200

  2. Two VITAPAN classical shade guides

 VITAPAN Daylight Individual Matching Ability of each Observer For obtaining an aesthetic outcome, the use of digital photographic approach was considered most accurate among the three shade selection approaches.