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. 2022 Jan 12;14(2):307. doi: 10.3390/nu14020307

Table 1.

Basic characteristics of the included studies.

First Author (Year) Country Diabetes Type N N Int. N Con. Gender Ratio (F:M) BMI Average Age (Year) FBG (mmol/L)
Jenkins, D.J (2008) [27] Canada T2DM 210 106 104 0.6 30.9 60.5 NS
Turner-McGrievy (2011) [28] USA T2DM 99 49 50 1.5 34.8 55.2 NS
Ebbeling, C.B (2003) [29] USA adiposity 14 7 7 2.2 36.0 16.1 NS
Wolever, T.M (2008) [30] Canada T2DM 162 56 106 1.2 31.0 59.9 7.4
Wolever, T.M (2008) [31] Canada T2DM 135 46 89 1.2 31.0 59.7 7.3
Malin, S.K (2012) [32] USA MetS 21 11 10 0.9 35.5 66.2 8.0
Kelly, K.R (2011) [33] USA adiposity 28 13 15 1.2 34.2 66.0 5.9
Mulya, A (2017) [15] USA adiposity 19 9 10 0.9 34.0 64.0 5.5
Osella, A.R (2018) [34] USA MetS 231 55 176 0.7 NS 57.6 NS
Gomes, J.M (2017) [35] Brazil T2DM 20 10 10 1.0 29.2 42.4 8.2
Solomon, T.P (2009) [36] USA adiposity 32 15 17 1.1 33.8 66.0 5.6
Fraser, A (2008) [37] Israel T2DM 201 73 128 1.5 31.4 56.0 10.3
Visuthranukul, C (2015) [38] Thailand adiposity 52 25 27 0.5 33.6 12.0 5.0
Jenkins, D.J (2011) [39] Canada T2DM 152 79 73 0.6 30.5 61.5 NS
Pavithran, N (2020) [40] India T2DM 36 18 18 0.7 27.0 52.0 NS
Solomon, T.P (2013) [41] USA adiposity 20 10 10 1.2 35.0 65.0 5.9
Fabricatore, A.N (2011) [42] USA T2DM 79 40 39 3.9 36.3 52.7 NS
Argiana, V (2014) [43] Greece T2DM 58 28 30 1.1 32.5 62.2 NS
Li, D (2014) [44] China T2DM 54 36 18 0.6 24.3 56.0 6.8
Mirza, N.M (2011) [45] USA adiposity 88 45 43 0.9 29.5 12.2 NS
Hu, Z.G (2014) [16] China GDM 140 66 74 All famale NS 30.0 5.0
Heilbronn, L.K (2002) [17] Australia T2DM 45 24 21 1.0 33.8 56.7 7.0
Basharat, S (2018) [46] Pakistan adiposity 74 38 36 All famale 31.4 27.0 NS
Abete, I (2008) [14] Spain adiposity 32 16 16 0.8 32.5 36.0 NS

Int. = Intervention group; Con. = Control group; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; MetS = metabolic syndrome; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus; NS = not stated; FBG = fasting blood glucose. RCT-related characteristics of the included studies.