Table 1.
Progression biomarkers in AMD.
| Biomarker | Imaging Findings | Mechanism(s) | Prevalence in AMD% | Expected Progression (OR 1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drusen volume | Baseline drusen volume | Displacement or deterioration of photoreceptor layer | ND 2 | 1.31 risk of progression to nAMD (for each 0.1 mm3 of drusen volume increase) [36] |
| RPE-Drusen complex (DC) Advanced analysis | RAT 3 | RPE suffering and drusen regression | ND 2 | 1.32 risk of developing central GA (for each 0.001 mm3 increase in RAT volume) [36] |
| HRF | Punctate hyperreflective lesions | Anterior migration of fully pigmentated RPE cells, inflammatory or microglia cell and calcification | 50% in AMD |
5 risk of 2-year progression to GA [27] |
| SDD | Small yellow deposits: reticular, ribbon-like or interdigitated | Dysfunction of cholesterol homeostasis, retinoid processing or choroidal hypoxia [55] | 32% to 79% in AMD patients |
2.24–3.4 risk of progression to advanced disease [1,42] |
| iRORA | Subsidence of the OPL 4 and INL 5 with a hypo-reflective wedge | New onset of atrophy (nascent atrophy) | 7% in intermediate AMD [56] | 5.2 risk of progression to central GA [45] |
| Hypertransmission | Columns or strips of hyperreflectivity | Deficiencies within RPE layer | 27% in AMD patients [48] | ND |
| ODS | Internal heterogeneity | Metabolic instability | 24% in soft drusen | 5.6 risk of progression to new atrophy onset [57] |
| Non exudative Retinal neovascularization | Neovascular lesion with no fluid | Protective mechanism against ischemia | 6.25 to 27% in the fellow eye of exudative AMD [54] | 1.21 risk of progression to exudative AMD at 1 year [52] |
1 Odds ratio; 2 not determined; 3 RPE Abnormal thinning; 4 Outer Plexiform Layer; 5 Inner nuclear Layer.