Table 3.
Quartile intake of individual MDN associated with HS and VOB 1,2.
| Quartile MDNs Intake | HS | VOB |
|---|---|---|
| Choline intake mg/kg body weight |
Model B odds ratio (95% CI) |
Model B odds ratio (95% CI) |
| Q1: 3.7 (3.2, 4.1) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Q2: 5.2 (4.7, 5.7) | 1.3 (0.49–3.95) | 0.54 (0.16–1.8) |
| Q3: 7.0 (6.5, 7.5) | 1.1 (0.40–3.29) | 0.85 (0.25–2.8) |
| Q4: 10 (9.6, 13) | 0.32 * (0.11–0.97) | 0.28 * (0.08–0.95) |
| Folate intake DFE μg/kg body weight |
Model A odds ratio (95% CI) |
Model A odds ratio (95% CI) |
| Q1: 3.3 (2.6, 3.9) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Q2: 5.7 (5.0, 6.5) | 0.96 (0.36–2.62) | 0.83 (0.23–3.0) |
| Q3: 9.6 (8.1, 11) | 0.82 (0.30–2.20) | 0.83 (0.23–3.0) |
| Q4: 17 (14, 21) | 0.36 * (0.13–0.98) | 0.25 * (0.07–0.89) |
| Betaine intake mg/kg body weight |
Model A odds ratio (95% CI) |
Model A odds ratio (95% CI) |
| Q1: 1.1 (0.91, 1.3) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
| Q2: 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) | 0.79 (0.30–2.0) | 0.89 (0.26–3.0) |
| Q3: 3.1 (2.9, 3.6) | 0.86 (0.32–2.2) | 0.76 (0.22–2.6) |
| Q4: 5.6 (4.7, 6.9) | 0.31 * (0.12–0.85) | 0.26 * (0.08–0.89) |
1 Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate quartile intake of individual MDN associated with hepatic steatosis and visceral fat accumulation. Q1 intake was used for reference. VOB was defined by visceral adiposity grade (> 10) for prediction variable. The values were expressed as median and interquartile range (25th, 75th). 2 Multivariable adjusted models: Model A: adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and W/H circumference. Model B: Model A was additionally adjusted for hypertriglyceridemia (TG > 150 mg/dL) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR > 2). * Differences were considered to be statistically significant at p < 0.05.