Table 4.
Threshold intake of individual MDN associated with VOB-related HS 1,2.
| Visceral Obesity | Choline Intake 3 mg/kg Body Weight |
Betaine Intake 4 mg/kg BW |
Folate Intake 5 DFE ug/kg BW |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low <6.9 |
High ≥6.9 |
Low <3.1 |
High ≥3.1 |
Low <8.8 |
High ≥8.8 |
|
| Visceral adiposity grade | ||||||
| <10, n | 47 | 51 | 46 | 52 | 46 | 50 |
| ≥10, n | 76 | 33 | 80 | 29 | 73 | 36 |
| Model A: OR (95%CI) | ||||||
| <0 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
0.85 (0.2–3.1) |
1 (ref.) |
1.2 (0.3–4.3) |
1 (ref.) |
1.08 (0.3–3.8) |
| ≥10 | 22 * (8.1–63) |
10 * (2.9–37) |
26 * (9.4–75) |
12 * (3.3–45) |
26 * (8.9–76) |
13 * (3.9–48) |
| Model B: OR (95%CI) | ||||||
| <10 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) |
1.33 (0.2–7.2) |
1 (ref.) |
1.0 (0.21–5.5) |
1 (ref.) |
2.6 (0.5–13) |
| ≥10 | 22 * (6.5–80) |
9.6 * (1.9–46) |
14 * (4.4–50) |
14 * (2.8–70) |
19 * (5.2–74) |
30 * (5.7–156) |
1 Logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate threshold intake of MDN associated with visceral obesity (VOB)-related hepatic steatosis (HS). VOB was defined by visceral fat grade ≥10. Hepatic steatosis was diagnosed by sonography-graded fatty liver (yes or no). ORs of hepatic steatosis were considered to be statistically significant in relation to reference OR of 1 at * p < 0.05. 2 Multivariable logistic regression models were Model A: adjusted for age, sex, energy and fiber intake; Model B: additional adjustment of model A on blood triglyceride, blood cholesterol, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c. 3 Choline intake was stratified into the low (median 323; IQR: 244, 405 mg/d) and high intake (median: 603; IQR: 504, 720 mg/d) group at cutoff value of the controls’ median intake (6.9 mg/kg body weight = 406 mg/day). 4 Betaine intake was stratified into low (median 124; IQR: 82, 161 mg/d) and high intake (median 289; IQR: 233, 386 mg/d) at cutoff value of the controls’ median intake (3.1 mg/kg body weight = 178 mg/day). 5 Folate intake was stratified into low (median 320; IQR: 234, 421 DFE ug/d) and high intake (median 891; IQR: 289, 1211 DFE ug/d) at cutoff value of median intake of the control (8.8 ug/kg body weight = 527 DFE ug/day).