Table 5.
Association of combined MDN intake composition with VOB-related HS risk 1,2.
| MDN Intake Composition | Fatty Liver | Mode 1 OR (95%CI) |
Model 2 OR (95%CI) |
Model 3 OR (95%CI) |
Model 4 OR (95%CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||||||||
| Dietary Folate 3 (DFE ug/d) X Betaine 4 (mg/d) intake | |||||||||
| Folate | Betaine | ||||||||
| Low | Low | 62 | 76 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| Low | High | 5 | 4 | 0.46 (0.1–2.06) | 0.93 (0.14–6.08) | 0.55 (0.05–5.41) | 0.59 (0.07–5.16) | ||
| High | Low | 12 | 13 | 0.69 (0.28–1.72) | 1.32 (0.39–4.49) | 1.88 (0.47–7.55) | 2.10 (0.50–8.82) | ||
| High | High | 24 | 11 | 0.33 * (0.14–0.75) | 0.42 (0.15–1.21) | 0.42 (0.14–1.29) | 0.46 (0.14–1.54) | ||
| Dietary Folate 3 (DFE ug/d) X Choline 5 (mg/d) intake | |||||||||
| Folate | Choline | ||||||||
| Low | Low | 46 | 53 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| Low | High | 21 | 27 | 0.86 (0.39–1.85) | 0.67 (0.24–1.87) | 0.47 (0.14–1.56) | 0.4 (0.14–1.51) | ||
| High | Low | 5 | 4 | 0.58 (0.14–2.41) | 2.58 (0.45–14.9) | 4.18 (0.59–29.2) | 4.14 (0.51–33.3) | ||
| High | High | 31 | 20 | 0.42 * (0.19–0.89) | 0.44 (0.16–1.17) | 0.41 (0.14–1.21) | 0.53 (0.17–1.64) | ||
| Dietary Betaine 4 (mg/d) X Choline 5 (mg/d) intake | |||||||||
| Betaine | Choline | ||||||||
| Low | Low | 48 | 56 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | ||
| Low | High | 27 | 34 | 0.89 (0.45–1.79) | 0.58 (0.23–1.46) | 0.37 (0.12–1.14) | 0.32 (0.10–1.0) | ||
| High | Low | 4 | 2 | 0.51 (0.08–2.95) | 0.88 (0.11–7.11) | 0.33 (0.02–4.73) | 0.24 (0.02–3.57) | ||
| High | High | 25 | 13 | 0.33 * (0.14–0.78) | 0.31 * (0.10–0.92) | 0.26 * (0.08–0.84) | 0.19 * (0.05–0.69) | ||
| Dietary Choline 5 (mg/d) X Betaine 4 (mg/d) X Folate 3 (DFE ug/d) intake | |||||||||
| Choline | Betaine | Folate | |||||||
| Low | Low | Low | 43 | 51 | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | 1 (ref.) | |
| One or two of the three MDN intake was low | 38 | 43 | 0.76 (0.4–1.5) | 0.89 (0.4–2.1) | 0.71 (0.3–1.9) | 0.72 (0.3–1.9) | |||
| High | High | High | 23 | 11 | 0.33 * (0.1–0.8) | 0.37 (0.1–1.1) | 0.33 (0.1–1.1) | 0.33 (0.1–1.1) | |
1 Ordinal logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the MDN intake composition associated with hepatic steatosis risk. * ORs of hepatic steatosis were considered to be statistically significant in relation to reference OR of 1 at p < 0.05. 2 Multivariable adjust models: Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, Model 2: Mode l was additionally adjusted for visceral obesity (visceral adiposity grade ≥10), abdominal obesity (W/H circumference: men ≥ 0.9, women ≥0.85), and general obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Model 3: Model 2 was additionally adjusted for hypertriglyceridemia (TG > 150) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >2). Model 4: Model 3 was additionally adjusted for Hcy, blood folate, choline or betaine status. 3 Folate intake was stratified into low and high intake at cutoff value (Q4 levels: 781 DFE μg/day). 4 Betaine intake was stratified into low and high intake at cutoff value (Q4 levels: 280 mg/day). 5 Choline intake was stratified into low and high intake at cutoff value of current Taiwanese adult AI intake for men (450 mg/d) and for women (390 mg/day).