Table 3.
Notable applications of cancer vaccines in the last five years.
| VACCINE TYPE | Antigenic Loading | Deriving | Co-Administration Payload | LP Formulation | Tumor Model | Efficacy * | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peptide | E749–57 | HPV 16 E7 | CoPoP, PHAD, QS-21 | DOPC/Cholesterol | TC-1 cell line | ①②③⑤ | [169] | |
| CpG ODN | SPC/Cholesterol/DOTAP, DSPE-PEG(2000), DSPE-PEG(2000)-Mannose |
①②③⑤ | [170] | |||||
| HPV16 E7 oncogene | HPV16 E7 | A helper peptide from influenza virus, A synthetic agonist (Pam2CAG or MPLA/C12iEDAP) |
PC/PG/Cholesterol/DPPG-Maleimide | TC-1 cell line | ①②③④ | [76,168] | ||
| mn | Integrin αvβ3 | AL3810 | HSPC/Cholesterol/mPEG(2000)-DSPE, HSPC/Cholesterol/mPEG(2000)-DSPE/PEG3400-DSPE |
Glioma | ①⑤ | [171] | ||
| P5 + P435 | HER2/neu | DSPE-PEG(2000)-Maleimide, DSPC/DSPG/Cholesterol/DOPE |
Breast cancer | ①②③ | [166] | |||
| BCMA72–80 | B cell | Cholesterol/DOPC/DOTAP | Multiple myeloma | ②③④ | [172] | |||
| ADPGK | Neoantigen from mutation | Black phosphorus quantum dots | Colorectal cancer | ①②③④ | [173] | |||
| gp100 | TAA | CpG-ODN | DSPE-PEG(2000)-Maleimide, DOTAP/Cholesterol |
Melanoma | ①②③④ | [174,175] | ||
| TRP2180-188 | TAA | CpG-ODN | POPC/Cholesterol/DSPE-PEG2000/DDAB/mannose lipid, DSPE-PEG(2000)-Maleimide |
Melanoma | ①②③ | [79] | ||
| P5 | HER2/neu | DSPC/DSPG/Cholesterol | TUBO in vivo tumor mice model |
①②③ | [176] | |||
| Synthetic LHRH | TAA | Tetanus toxoid T-helper epitope830–844, several TLR ligands | EPC/PG/palmitoyl, DSPE-PEG(3400)-Maleimide |
Androgen-responsive prostate cancer | ③ | [177] | ||
| RNA | Total RNA | Liver cancer cells | DOTAP | Hepato-cellular carcinoma | ①②④ | [178] | ||
| OVA | Iron oxide | DOTAP/Cholesterol | Melanoma | ①③④⑤ | [179] | |||
| gp70 RNA | Moloney murine leukemia virus | DOTMA/DOPE | BALB/c mice | ②④⑤ | [180] | |||
| DNA | Individual somatic mutations using WES |
DOTAP/DOPE | Melanoma | ①②④ | [181] | |||
Abbreviations: CoPoP (cobalt-porphyrin-phospholipid); PHAD (a synthetic derivative of MPLA); QS-21 (Quillaja saponaria extract); CpG ODN (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides); DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine); SPC (1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine); DOTAP (1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane); DSPE (1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine); PEG (polyethylene glycol); TC-1 (E7-transformed tumor cells derived from murine pulmonary epithelial cells); Pam2CAG (dipalmitoyl-cysteine-alanyl-glycine); MPLA (monophosphoryl lipid A); C12iEDAP (acylated derivative of the dipeptide γ-D-Glu-mDAP); PC (phosphatidyl choline); PG (phosphatidyl glycerol); DPPG (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol); mn (a linear pentapeptide); AL3810 (reversible ATP-competitive inhibitor aiming at the ATP pocket on intracellular region of VEGFR and FGFR); HSPC (Hydrogenated soy l-α-phosphatidylcholine); HER2 (The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2); DSPC (1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine); DSPG (1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol); DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine); BCMA72–80 (a member of the TNF receptor superfamily and the receptor for binding of B cell activating factor and the proliferation-inducing ligand); gp100/TRP2180–188 (melanocyte differentiation antigen); POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine); DDAB (dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide); TUBO cells (a cloned line established in vitro from a BALB-neu T mouse mammary carcinoma); LHRH (Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone); TLR (Toll-like receptor); EPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine); OVA (B16F10-OVA is a murine melanoma cell line expressing the chicken ovalbumin gene); gp70 RNA (Moloney murine leukemia virus); WES (whole-exome sequencing). * Efficacy of vaccinations is shown according to the following binary (present/not present) criteria: ① Tumor shrinkage; ② Stimulation of tumor-specific T cells; ③ Induction in cytokine production; ④ Induction of APCs or DCs; ⑤ Other factors (including increased numbers of immunoinhibitory cells such as MDSCs, Tregs and macrophages [169,170]; complement effect [171], also NK cells [180] and B cells (for humoral immunity and antibody production) [171], and lymph node or spleen enlargement and increased function [179,180].