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. 2022 Jan 14;9(1):28. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9010028

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© 2022 by the author.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Chronic and acute effects of hypothetical treatment to restore the function of altered ion channels. (A) Vulnerable windows of the Courtemanche model comparing reentrant waves behavior under sinus rhythm (SR), atrial fibrillation (AF), AF without I_to remodeling, AF without I_CaL remodeling and AF with 80% I_Kr block, mimicking the effect of class III antiarrhythmic drugs. (B) Chronic restoration of I_CaL and chronic block of I_Kr altered the stability of reentry, resulted in the abbreviation of reentry duration. (C,D) The acute effects of I_CaL restoration and I_Kr block on cardiac reentry.