Table 2.
The main clinical and laboratory findings in the included studies.
| Saber-Moghaddam et al. [35] | Valizadeh et al. [36] | Ahmadi et al. [34] | Tahmasebi et al. [37] | Tahmasebi et al. [38] | Pawar s et al. [39] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Curcumin | Placebo | p-Value | Curcumin | Placebo | p-Value | Curcumin | Placebo | p-Value | Curcumin | Placebo | p-Value | Curcumin | Placebo | p-Value | Curcumin | Placebo | p-Value | |
| Fever (°C) <37 | 0.62 ± 0.74 | 1.15 ± 1.35 | 0.047 | 37.5% | 66.7% | <0.0001 | 2.86 ± 1.65 | 3.6 ± 3.3 | 0.373 | Mild (0) Severe (10%) | Mild (30%) Severe (39.6%) |
<0.05 | Mild (0) Severe (10%) | Mild (30%) Severe (39.6%) | <0.05 | 80.0% | 60.0% | NS |
| Oxygen saturation level % | 94.33 ± 4.01 | 74.28 ± 22.1 | 0.001 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Myalgia, N (%) | 1.9 ± 0.83 | 3.44 ± 1.33 | 0.009 | - | - | - | 3.08 ± 2.75 | 4.38 ± 3.01 | 0.043 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20.0% | 33.3% | NS |
| Cough, N (%) | 1.62 ± 0.8 | 3.89 ± 1.54 | 0.002 | 12.5% | 50% | <0.0001 | 4.84 ± 4.29 | 6.96 ± 3.87 | 0.043 | Mild (5%) Severe (10%) | Mild (20%) Severe (47%) | <0.05 | Mild (5%) Severe (10%) | Mild (20%) Severe (47%) | <0.05 | 73.3% | 73.3% | NS |
| Chills, N (%) | 1.14 ± 1.31 | 2.55 ± 1.57 | 0.004 | - | - | - | 1.93 ± 0.46 | 2.6 ± 0.99 | 0.013 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NS |
| Dyspnea | 1.14 ± 0.85 | 1.85 ± 1.39 | 0.031 | 6.25% | 8.33% | <0.0001 | 8.37 ± 3.92 | 8.62 ± 2.88 | 0.887 | Mild (1%) Severe (5%) | Mild (5.2%) Severe (15%) | <0.05 | Mild (1%) Severe (5%) | Mild (5.2%) Severe (15%) | <0.05 | 40.0% | 80.0% | <0.05 |
| Smell and taste | 1.62 ± 1.07 | 1.44 ± 1.59 | 0.769 | - | - | - | 3.56 ± 2.01 | 5.14 ± 3.37 | 0.032 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 13.3% | 93.3% | <0.05 |
| Hospitalization duration (day) | 5.05 ± 1.36 | 9.15 ± 4.28 | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 80.0% | 33.3% | <0.05 |
| Lymphocyte count | 18.76 ± 6.75 | 11.99 ± 6.01 | 0.048 | 35% | 75% | <0.0001 | 5.440 ± 62.22 | 2.198 ± 948 | 0.05 | Mild (45%) | Mild (52%) | <0.05 | Mild (45%) | Mild (52%) | <0.05 | - | - | - |
| Serum TNF-α (pg/mL) | - | - | - | * 0.94 ± 0.41 | 1.09 ± 0.24 | NS | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Serum IL-1β (pg/mL) | - | - | - | * 0.56 ± 0.31 | 1.16 ± 0.27 | <0.0001 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Serum IL-6 (pg/mL) | - | - | - | * 0.58 ± 0.25 | 1.15 ± 0.32 | <0.0001 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Serum IL-10 (pg/mL) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | M: 46.1 ± 20.8 S: 38.2 ± 18.2 |
M:43 ± 16.6 S:19.21 ± 9.4 |
0.0094
0.0009 |
- | - | - |
| Serum IL-17 (pg/mL) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | M: 0.69 ± 0.21 S: 0.76 ± 0.11 |
M: 0.92 ± 0.1 S: 0.95 ± 0.1 |
NS
NS |
- | - | - | - | - | - |
| Serum IL-18 (pg/mL) | - | - | - | * 0.93 ± 0.35 | 1.07 ± 0.35 | NS | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Serum IL-21 (pg/mL) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | M:0.54 ± 0.31 S: 0.87 ± 0.18 |
M: 1.01 ± 0.16 S: 0.94 ± 0.11 |
0.02
NS |
- | - | - | - | - | - |
| Serum IL-23 (pg/mL) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | M: 0.79 ± 0.23 S: 0.82 ± 0.21 |
M: 0.91 ± 0.15 S: 0.97 ± 0.1 |
NS
NS |
- | - | - | - | - | - |
| Serum IL-35 (pg/mL) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | M: 718.6 ± 473 S: 225.5 ± 118.3 | M:526.6 ± 398 S: 182.9 ± 97.4 |
>0.05
>0.05 |
- | - | - |
| Serum TGF-β (pg/mL) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | M:64.8 ± 32.7 S: 87.7 ± 50.3 |
M:61.7 ± 27.3 S:66.9 ± 54.44 |
>0.05
>0.05 |
- | - | - |
| Serum GM-CSF (pg/mL) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | M: 0.45 ± 0.23 S: 0.77 ± 0.15 |
M: 0.98 ± 0.15 S: 0.98 ± 0.12 |
0.02
NS |
- | - | - | - | - | - |
| T-helper 17 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | M: 2.68 ± 1.04 S: 3.26 ± 1.11 |
M: 4.25 ± 1.54 S: 4.98 ± 1.53 |
<0.001
<0.001 |
- | - | - | - | - | - |
| RORɣt | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | M: 0.67 ± 0.18 S: 0.87 ± 0.14 |
M: 1.18 ± 0.13 S: 1.03 ± 0.13 |
0.002
NS |
- | - | - | - | - | - |
| Mortality | - | - | - | 4/20 (20%) | 8/20 (40%) | NR | - | - | - | 0/20 in mild 1/20 (5%) in severe |
1/20 (5%) in mild 5/20 (25%) in severe |
<0.0001 | 0/20 in mild 1/20 (5%) in severe |
1/20 (5%) in mild 5/20 (25%) in severe |
<0.0001 |
0/30 in mild
0/25 in moderate 2/15 (13.4%) in severe |
1/30 (3.4%) in mild
5/25 (8%) in moderate 5/15 (33.4%) in severe |
NR |
NR: not reported, NS: not significant, * according to real-time PCR; Bold fonts denote significant p-values.