Table 1.

Reports on endocrinopathies and their impact on male reproduction.

Endocrinopathy	Changes in Male Reproduction	Study
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Genetic: Kallman syndrome)	Delayed puberty and infertility caused by a malfunction of GnRH-secreting neurons to migrate; cessation of gonadotropin secretion	[12,14]
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism	Increased FSH/LH, normal or ↓testis volume, decreased pubic hair and penis size, infertility	[15]
Androgen excess	Inhibition to GnRH secretion, normal or ↓FSH, ↓LH,	[16,17]
Estrogen excess	↓T:E2, ↓semen parameters	[18,19]
Hyperprolactinemia	Normal or ↓FSH/LH, ↓testosterone	[20,21,22,23]
Insulin disorders	↓spermatogenesis, ↓reduced vacuolization in the Sertoli cells, ↓fertility, ↓semen parameters, ↓Leydig cells count, ↓testosterone	[24,25,26,27,28]

↓ = decrease; T:E2, testosterone to estradiol ratio.