Case-based learning	solving of an authentic clinical case using clinical reasoning skills, particularly useful in developing learners’ reflection and analytical skills through peer-learning approach and activation of prior knowledge. Learner-centered approach to learning.
Clinical encounter	any physical or virtual contact with a veterinary patient and client (e.g., owner, employee of an enterprise) with a primary responsibility to carry out clinical assessment or activity.
Clinical instructor	in addition to the regular veterinary practitioner’s duties, a clinical instructor should fulfil roles of assessor, facilitator, mentor, preceptor, role-model, supervisor, and teacher of veterinary learners in a clinical teaching environment. Apprentice/intern in the upper years, Resident, Veterinary educator/teacher, Veterinary practitioner.
Clinical reasoning	process during which a learner collects information, process it, comes to an understanding of the problem presented during a clinical encounter, and prepares a management plan, followed by evaluation of the outcome and self-reflection. Common synonyms include clinical acumen, clinical critical thinking, clinical decision-making, clinical judgment, clinical problem-solving, and clinical rationale.
Clinical teaching	form of an interpersonal communication between a clinical instructor and a learner that involves a physical or virtual clinical encounter.
Deep learning	aiming for mastery of essential academic content; thinking critically and solving complex problems; working collaboratively and communicating effectively; having an academic mindset; and being empowered through self-directed learning.
Portfolio-based learning	record of examples of learner’s work, including but not limited to case log, activity log and similar, with some elements of demonstration of reflective and clinical reasoning skills used for learning and assessment purposes. Learner-centered approach to learning.
Proper learning or a safe learning environment	an environment in which a learner feels safe, relaxed, and willing to take risks in pursuing a goal; enhances self-esteem and encourages exploration.
Self-directed learning	learners take charge of their own learning process by identifying learning needs, goals, and strategies and evaluating learning performances and outcomes. Learner-centered approach to learning.
Team-based learning	solving of an authentic clinical case using clinical reasoning skills. Particularly useful in developing basic science concepts through peer-learning approach (learning occurs within a team but also between teams when activity carried out concurrently with more than one team) and activation of prior knowledge. Learner-centered approach to learning.
Work-based learning	educational method that immerses the learners in the workplace. Usually, learners have to complete typical tasks for the workplace and satisfy school accreditation requirements, e.g., the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges and The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (where applicable).