Table 2.

A summary of surgical navigation with XR technology in spine surgery.

Study	Country	Procedure	VR/AR	Simulator	Outcome
Elmi-Terander et al., 2019 [90]	Sweden	Lumbar pedicle screw	VR-simulation, AR-guide	Unspecified developed system—the ARSN system	Accuracy, time, clinical outcomes
Edström et al., 2019 [119]	Sweden	Lumbar pedicle screw	VR-simulation, AR-guide	Unspecified developed system—the ARSN system	Ratiation exposure, clinical outcomes
Umebayashi et al., 2018 [120]	Japan	Cervical foraminotomy	AR-guide	Medtronic StealthStation S7	Feasibility of intraoperative use
Kosterhon et al., 2017 [121]	Germany	Lumbar osteotomy planning	XR—volume rendered spine with VR preoperative planning and AR intraoperative workflow	Amira R, FEI Visualization Sciences Group, version 5.4.2, Mérignac Cedex, France	Feasibility of intraoperative use, clinical outcomes
Abe et al., 2013 [122]	Japan	Lumbar percutaneous intervention	AR-guide	Unspecified developed system-Virtual Protractor with Augmented Reality (VIPAR)	Accuracy
Wei et al., 2019 [123]	China	Lumbar percutaneous intervention	AR-guide	Baholo, Shanghai Front Computing Company, China; Medivi, Changzhou, China; Hololens, Microsoft, USA	Time (ope, radiation), clinical outcomes
Wu et al., 2014 [124]	China	Lumbar percutaneous intervention	AR-guide	Unspecified developed system	Accuracy, time (ope, radiation)
Carl et al., 2019 [125]	Germany	Extra- and intradural tumor resection (whole spine)	AR-guide	Unspecified developed system	Feasibility of intraoperative use
Carl et al., 2019 [126]	Germany	Extra- and intradural tumor resection (whole spine)	AR-guide	Unspecified developed system	Accuracy, ratiation exposure

XR, extended reality; VR, virtual reality; AR, augmented reality.