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Distributions of the shear rate for extrusion at various pressure gradients (∂p/∂z), positive (Δp < 0), zero (Δp = 0) and negative (Δp > 0): (a) single screw extrusion, (b) co-rotating twin screw extrusion, (c) counter-rotating twin screw extrusion (adopted with permission from: Wilczyński, K. Rheology in Polymer Processing. Modeling and Simulation; Carl Hanser Verlag: Munich 2021 [34]).
