Table 2.

Photo protective activities of Mexican plants.

Plant	Photoprotective Activity	Photoprotective Agent	Biological Model Used	Reference
Buddleja scordioides	Reduction of skin damage, antioxidant activity, UVB absorption.	Methanolic extract Verbascoside, linarin, linarin acetate	E. coli, guinea pigs.	[83]
Buddleja cordata	Reduction of skin damage, antioxidant activity, UVB absorption.	Methanolic extract Verbascoside	SKH-1 hairless mice, mouse fibroblasts.	[84,85,86]
Echinacea spp.	Reduction of skin damage, antioxidant activity.	Methanolic extract, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids	Clinical trials, in vitro antioxidant tests.	[90,91,92,93]
Galinsoga parviflora and Galinsoga quadriradiata	Skin photoprotection, antioxidant activity	Aqueous extract, caffeic acid derivatives.	NHDF human skin fibroblasts.	[102,103]
Helianthus annuus	UVB absorption, antioxidant activity, prevention of UVB damage and photoaging.	Flower ethanolic extract, chlorogenic and caffeic acid	Human dermal fibroblast, in vitro antioxidant and SPF tests.	[108]
Larrea tridentata	Inhibition of UVB induced signaling pathways related to skin carcinogenesis, antioxidant activity	Nordihydroguayaric acid (NDGA)	Human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, in vitro antioxidant tests.	[113,114,115,116,117,118]
Lippia graveloens	UVB and UVC absorption, photochemopreventive and antioxidant activity.	Flavonoids, apigenin, pinocembrin and naringenin.	E.coli, SKH-1 mice, in vitro antioxidant assays.	[121,122]
Malphigia glabra	Antioxidant activity	Dried extract	in vitro antioxidant and SPF tests	[127]
Pipper umbellatum	Antioxidant activity, photoaging reduction, inhibition of metalloproteinases activity, reduction of skin cancer markers.	Ethanolic root extract, 4-nerolidylcatechol	Hairless mouse skin and SPF tests	[133,134,135,136,137]
Polypodium leutocomos	Skin antioxidant, antiphotoaging and cytoprotective activity.	Hydroxycinnamic acids, hydrophilic extract.	Human fibroblasts and keratinocytes	[146,147,148,155]
	Oral photoprotective effect: antioxidant, increment of p53+ cells, reduce proliferating cells. Reduction of systemic UVR damage.	Hydrophilic extract.	Hairless rats, clinical studies	[149,150,151,152,153,154]
Portulaca oleacera	Antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-wrinkle, anti-aging	Methanolic extracts	Epithelial keratinocytes and fibroblasts.	[160,164,165,166]
Solanum lycopersicum	Oral photoprotective and anticancer effect.	Tomato carotenoids enriched extract, lycopene.	Human volunteers, SKH-1 murine model.	[170,171,172]
	Skin photoprotection and antioxidant effect	Lycopene	Human dermal fibroblasts.	[173]
Spondias purpurea	UVA and UVB light protection, antioxidant effect	Methanolic extract, flavonoids, quercetin, rutin.	in vitro antioxidant and SPF tests	[176,178,180]
Theobroma cacao	Oral photoprotective effect. Anti-wrinkle effect, UVB radiation absorption, antioxidant capacity.	Cocoa beverage flavonols enriched. Cocoa pods extract	Human clinical trials in vitro antioxidant, antiwrinkle and SPF test	[48,183,184]
Yucca periculosa	Skin photoprotective effect, absorption of UVB radiation	Methanolic extract, polyphenols, resveratrol, methoxystilbene.	Guinea pigs	[186]
Opuntia spp.	Antioxidant properties, reduced lipid peroxidation and GSH depletion, inhibit UVB-induced skin degeneration	Aqueous extract, eucomic and piscidic acids, opuntiol, flavonols.	Human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells and hairless mice, NIH-3T3 cells	[192,193,194]